Ageing thermal

Specimens used in tests were sections of cables with PVC outer coating. PVC was plasticized with DOF softener. The materials considered were exposed to the radiation and thermal aging. The samples have been irradiated at room temperature by hard gamma rays with 10 rad/sec dose power. A number of samples had been heated for long different times at 90°C. Besides a special specimens were cut out from outer coating for test on tensile machine like "Instron". The total doses of irradiation, times of heating and elongations at break obtained with "Instron" are listed in Table 1. 

The thermodynamic properties of Tefzel 200 and 280 are shown in Table 2 the annual rate of loss of weight with thermal aging for Tefzel 200 ranges from 0.0006 g/g at 135°C to 0.006 g/g at 180°C after an initial loss of absorbed gases of 0.0013 g/g at elevated temperature. The excellent thermal stabihty of ETEE is demonstrated by aging at 180°C at this temperature, the annual weight loss of six parts per 1000, or a 1% weight loss, takes almost two years. 

The drawbacks of cellular materials include limited temperature of appHcations, poor flammabiUty characteristics without the addition of fire retardants, possible health ha2ards, uncertain dimensional stabiUty, thermal aging and degradation, friabiUty, and embrittlement due to the effects of uv light (3,6,15). 

If natural mbber compounds are subjected to thermal aging plus fatigue, the conventional systems perform no better than EV systems. The compromise obtained by usiag semi-EV systems iavolves the balance between heat aging and flex life. 

Structure—Property Relationships The modem approach to the development of new elastomers is to satisfy specific appHcation requirements. AcryUc elastomers are very powerhil in this respect, because they can be tailor-made to meet certain performance requirements. Even though the stmcture—property studies are proprietary knowledge of each acryUc elastomer manufacturer, some significant information can be found in the Hterature (18,41). Figure 3a shows the predicted according to GCT, and the volume swell in reference duid, ASTM No. 3 oil (42), related to each monomer composition. Figure 3b shows thermal aging resistance of acryHc elastomers as a function of backbone monomer composition. 

Fig. 6. Catalyst inhibition mechanisms where ( ) are active catalyst sites the catalyst carrier and the catalytic support (a) masking of catalyst (b) poisoning of catalyst (c) thermal aging of catalyst and (d) attrition of ceramic oxide metal substrate monolith system, which causes the loss of active catalytic material resulting in less catalyst in the reactor unit and eventual loss in performance.

The life of the insulation will also be affected by an excessive operating temperature. It is halved for every 11°C rise in temperature over its rated value and occurs when a machine is occasionally overloaded. Sometimes the size of the machine may be only marginal when it was initially chosen and with the passage of time, it may be required to perform duties that are too arduous. Every time the machine overheats, the insulation deteriorates, and this is called thermal ageing of insulation. Figure 9.1 illustrates an approximate reduction in life expectancy with a rise in operating temperature. 

Temperature rise at the guaranteed output to ascertain the adequacy of the insulating material and life of the motor. If the temperature rise is more than permissible for the type of insulation used, it will deteriorate the insulating properties and cause thermal ageing. As a... 

Insulation systems were first classified according to the material used, and permissible temperatures were established based on the thermal aging characteristics of these materials. For example. Class B insulation was defined as inorganic materials such as mica and glass with organic binders 130°C was the allowable maximum operating temperature. The present definition of insulation system Class B stipulates that the system be proven. . by experience or accepted tests. .. to have adequate life expectancy at its rated temperature, such life expectancy to equal or... 

This increase in polymer thermal stability translates to improved thermal stability of the adhesive, as shown in Fig. 10 for the steel lapshear adhesive strength after thermal aging at 121 °C for 48 h. 

Thermal aging is another simple pretreatment process that can effectively improve adhesion properties of polymers. Polyethylene becomes wettable and bondable by exposing to a blast of hot ( 500°C) air [47]. Melt-extruded polyethylene gets oxidized and as a result, carbonyl, carboxyl, and hydroperoxide groups are introduced onto the surface [48]. 

The effect of thermal aging on polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene have been studied by Konar et al. [49]. They used contact angle, contact angle hysteresis, and XPS to characterize the modified surfaces of the polymers. Hysteresis increased with aging temperature. In the case of polyethylene, thermal aging led to a significant increase in adhesion strength of polyethylene with aluminium, but the increase in the case of polypropylene was much less marked. 

Ogawa et al. [100,101] reported the use of various EPDM polymers in blends with NR in black sidewall formulations. Laboratory testing showed improved resistance to crack growth and thermal aging. 

The present study was initiated to understand the causes of large differences in perfonnance of various catalyst formulations after accelerated thermal aging on an engine dynamometer. In particular, we wished to determine whether performance charaderistics were related to noble metal dispersion (i.e. noble metal surface area), as previous studies have suggested that the thermal durability of alumina-supported Pd catalysts is due to high-temperature spreading or re-dispersion of Pd particles [20-25]. 

Yamazaki, K., Takahashi, N., Shinjoh, H. et al. (2004) The performance of NO, storage-reduction catalyst containing Fe-compound after thermal aging, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 53, 1. 

Iglesias-Juez, A., Martinez-Arias, A. and Fernandez-Garcia, M. (2004) Metal-promoter interface in Pd/(Ce,Zr)0 c/Al203 catalysts Effect of thermal aging, J. Catal., 221, 148. 

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