Fatty acids table

Anhydrosorbitol Esters. Eatty acid esters of anhydrosorbitol (see Alcohols,polyhydric) are the second largest class of carboxyHc ester surfactants. The important commercial products are the mono-, di-, and triesters of sorbitan and fatty acids (Table 18). Sorbitan is a mixture of anhydrosorbitols, principally 1,4-sorbitan (1) and isosorbide (2) ... 

The concentrations of eight selected fatty acids (Table 3.4) have been determined by gas chromatography as previously described (Makristathis et al. 2002) they are given in percent of all fatty acids captured by the used analytical technique. The variable matrix X contains 34 rows for the samples, and 8 columns with the fatty acid concentrations. 

Some plants produce a mixture of fatty acids (Table 11.3). The fat in seeds of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) contains a mixture of stearic and palmitic acids. The fat is known as cocoa butter from its resemblance to the butter produced from cow s milk (see Box 11.2). 

Escolar and oilfish contain a mixture of wax esters with different carbon-chain length, mainly C32, C34, C36, and C38, formed by combining different fatty acids and fatty alcohols. The dominant fatty acids in escolar and oilfish wax esters are the monounsaturated fatty acids (Table 1.3), namely oleic acid (18 1 oo9) and eicosenoic acid (20 loo9), while the dominant fatty alcohols are saturated and monoenoic fatty alcohols (Table 1.4), known as cetyl alcohol (16 0) and oleyl alcohol (18 1 9). PUFA, which are trace components in muscle wax esters, are commonly found in wax esters from roe, they include 20 4o)6, 20 5(b3, 22 5cd3 and 22 6 3. These differences could be due to the functional role in muscle for providing buoyancy, while that of roe is to store energy and key essential PUFA for fry development (Lee and Patton, 1989). 

For the purposes of making polyols from these triglycerides, oils which contain a high level of unsaturation are desirable. Oils such as soy, canola, and sunflower are acceptable due to relatively low levels of saturated fatty acids, while feedstocks such as palm oil are considered unusable without further purification or refinement due to high levels of saturated fatty acids. Table 1 outlines the composition of several oils (3). 

Because the resolution of various adjacent peaks of fatty acid phenacyl esters on RP columns is further significantly affected by the column temperature and the proportions of methanol and acetonitrile in the mobile phase, Hanis et al. (23) compared various separation conditions in order to achieve an optimal resolution of the most important fatty acids (Table 1). 

The second major type of lipid found in some biological membranes is cholesterol. Cholesterol (fig. 17.5) is an isoprenoid compound with four fused rings, a short aliphatic chain, and a single hydroxyl group. It occurs in membranes both in its free form and esterified with long-chain fatty acids. Table 17.3 compares the lipid compositions of mem-... 

Soluble amphiphiles are also known as detergents, tensides, or surfactants. Perhaps the most descriptive of these words is the word surfactant, which is a contraction of the phrase surface active agent . The term soap is usually restricted to the alkali metal salts of long-chain fatty acids (Table 12.1). The term amphiphile indicates that one part of the molecule likes a certain solvent while the other part likes another solvent and the two solvents are immiscible. Usually one solvent is water and the water-loving part is called hydrophilic. The other part is hydrophobic. It does not like to be in water and prefers to be in an oily environment or air. The hydrophobic part usually consists of a long, straight alkyl chain (CH3(CH2) c i nc = 8-20). For special applications the hydrocarbons might be completely or partially fluo-rinated. 

P450s catalyze a number of other oxidative reactions, on substrates that range from alkanes to complex endogenous molecules such as steroids and fatty acids. Table 10.1 lists many of the oxidative reactions catalyzed by P450s. These enzymes are also known to catalyze non-oxidative dehydrase, reductase and isomerase reactions [15],... 

Simple triacylglycerols are composed of three identical fatty acid side chains, whereas mixed triacylglycerols have two or three different fatty acids. Table 29.2 lists the most common fatty acids used to form triacylglycerols. 

As linoleic, oleic, and palmitic fatty acid account for over 90% of the fatty acids in cottonseed oil, most of the triglycerides contain some combination of these fatty acids. Table 7 lists the possible combinations of composition and position of saturated, oleic, and linoleic acids in cottonseed oil triglycerides. These ten types of triglycerides account for 92% of the total triglycerides found (73). The predominant type is SLL (saturated and linoleic fatty acid in the 1, 2, and 3 positions, respectively), which accounts for over 22 mol% of the triglyceride molecules. 

Chia oil is high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly a-linolenic acid the content of this fatty acid is higher than flax oil (Table 4). Linoleic acid is the second-most abundant acid in chia with a contribution of 17-26%, which gives PUFA content of 83%, the highest amount among edible oils. Additionally, chia oil has the lowest content of saturated fatty acids (Tables 2 and 4). 

Saxifragaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Kleiman et al. (8) investigated 29 species of family Borageniceae for the presence of GLA and tetraenoic (stearidonic acid, SDA) fatty acid. They observed 0-27% GLA, 0-56% ALA, and 0-17% SDA in seed oils from different plants in Boraginaceae. Janick et al. (9) identified 32 plants in which the content of GLA in seed oil can be more than 5% weight/weight (w/w) of total fatty acids (Table 1). The important crops that have been commercialized as sources of GLA-rich oils are discussed below. 

The fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil is as follows 78-83% oleic acid, 9-10% linoleic acid, 4—5% palmitic acid, and 2-3% stearic acid as well as other minor fatty acids (Table 3) (1, 22). Parcerisa et al. (23) examined lipid class composition of hazelnut oil, showing that triacylglycerols constituted 98.4% of total lipids, glycolipids comprised 1.4% of total hpids, and trace amounts (<0.2%) of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol were also present. Hazelnut oil contains 1.2-1.14 g/kg of phytosterols primarily in the form of p-sitosterol and is a very good source of a-tocopherol (382-472 mg/kg) (1, 22). The main odorant in... 

Hexane-extracted wheat germ consisted of about 56% linoleic acid (18 2 n6), which is an essential fatty acid (Table 4) (27). Total unsaturated and polyunsatu-... 

The fatty acid composition of the extracts was not affected by temperature, pressure, and the extraction method (Table 4). Supercritical carbon-dioxide-extracted oil samples had similar fatty acid composition to that of the Soxhlet-extracted oil (Table 4). All of the wheat germ extracts consisted of about 56% linoleic acid (18 2 n-6), which is an essential fatty acid (Table 4). The total unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of the wheat germ oil was about 81 % and 64%, respectively. The SC-CO2 extraction of wheat germ resulted in extracts with similar tocopherol and tocotrienol compositions to those of the Soxhlet extracts (Table 8) (50). These results indicate that SC-CO2 technology can be used for extraction and fractionation of WGO components to obtain products with high quality. 

The fatty acid profile of two cold-pressed black raspberry seed oils demonstrated high concentrations of both n-3 and total unsaturated fatty acids. The concentration of ot-linolenic acid (18 3n-3) was 35% of total fats, and unsaturated fatty acids comprised 98-99% (Table 1). Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid (Table 1) however, the ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids were very low at 1.6 1. The other measurable fatty acids included oleic (18 ln-9) and palmitic (16 0) acids (Table 1). The overall fatty acid composition of black raspberry seed oil was very similar to red raspberry seed oil (1) (Table 1). 

The cold-pressed blueberry seed oil investigated by Parry and Yu. (3) demonstrated a high concentration of n-3 fatty acids. Alpha linolenic acid was the sole source of the n-3 and comprised 25.1 % of the total fatty acids (Table 1). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was 1.7 1. Linoleic acid (18 2n-6) was the most prevalent fatty acid in the blueberry seed oil followed by a-linolenic, oleic, palmitic (16 0), and stearic (18 0) acids (Table 1). The blueberry seed oil also showed a significantly higher antioxidant capacity compared with marionberry, black raspberry, cranberry, and pumpkin seed oils using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) test. Therefore, blueberry seed oil may serve as an excellent dietary source of n-3 fatty acids and natural antioxidants. 

Watermelon seed oil was prepared and evaluated for its physicochemical properties (22, 23). The seed oil consisted of 59.6% linoleic acid (18 2n-6) and 78.4% total unsaturated fatty acids (Table 4). The predominant fatty acid in the oil was linoleic acid, which was followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Linolenic, palmitoleic, and myristic acids were minor constituents. The refractive index, acid value, peroxide value, and free fatty acids of watermelon seed oil were determined to be 1.4696 (25°C), 2.82 (mg KOH/g oil), 3.40 (mequiv oxygen/kg oil), and 1.41 (% as oleic acid), respectively. The saponification value of watermelon seed oil was 201 (mg KOH/g oil), and its iodine value was 115 (g iodine/100-g oil), which was significantly higher than pumpkin at 109 (g iodine/lOO-g oil) (22, 23). 

Melon, Cucumis melo, is a member of the Cucurbitaceae family and grows best in tropical regions. The pulp of the fruit has pleasant flavor and taste, and the seeds are generally treated as waste however, medicinal effects have been reported for the seeds (24, 25). Hexane-extracted seed oil of Cucumis melo hybrid AF-522 was determined to contain 64 g of linoleic acid per 100 g of total fatty acids (Table 4) (24). Significant amounts of oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were also detected in the melon seed oil. The specific gravity (28°C), refractive index (28°C), and iodine value of the seed oil were 0.9000, 1.4820, and 112, respectively, under the experimental conditions (24). Earlier in 1986, Lazos (25) extracted the oil from Cucumis melo seeds and examined its physicochemical properties (25). Linoleic acid was the primary fatty acid and accounted for 64.6% of the total fat (w/w), along with 20.1% oleic acid, and 14.7% total saturated fatty acids (Table 4). Iodine value and refractive index (40°) of the seed oil were 124.5 and 1.4662, respectively. 

Colocynthis citrullus seed oil and found that it contained a relatively high percentage of linoleic acid that accounted for 57.7% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (26). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid (14.5%). The seed oil contained about 25.3% saturated fatty acids (Table 4). Moussata and Akoh (27) also reported a similar fatty acid profile of Colocynthis citrullus L. seed oil. The primary fatty acid was linoleic acid, contributing 65.4% of total fats. The other significant fatty acids included oleic (13.5%), palmitic (12.1%), and stearic (9.0%) acids (Table 4). 

Paprika Capsicum annuum) is a commonly used flavor enhancer, and following production, the seeds are treated as waste. Paprika seed oils have been evaluated for their physicochemical properties (22, 23, 32). Paprika seed oil contained more than 82% of total unsaturated fatty acids, with polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising 67.8% of total fatty acids (Table 4) (22, 23). Oleic acid was the second major fatty acid at approximately 15% of the total. This fatty acid profile was consistent with a previous observation by Domokos et al. (32) on the fatty acid profile of Hungarian paprika seed oils. Linoleic acid comprised 74.4% of the total fat, whereas oleic and palmitic acid made up 9.8% and 11.2% of total fat, respectively (32). The paprika seed oil was determined to contain 870 mg/kg oil total tocopherols, 380 mg/kg oil carotenoids, and 0.92% phytosterols (32). 

The seeds of selected Onagraceae, including Oenothera picensis, O. indecora, Ludwigia longifolia, and O. L. peruviana were analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics (40). Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in all tested seed oils, comprising 71.5-80.0% of the total fatty acids (Table 6) (40). These Onagraceae seed oils may be excellent dietary sources of the essential n-6 fatty acid (18 2n-6). 

Dates Phoenix dactylifera L.) are popular in most Middle Eastern countries and serve as a major source of food and nutrients (51, 52). Oil contents and fatty acid profiles of date seeds may vary among individual varieties. Date seeds contained 20-24% total fat (49). Oleic acid was the primary fatty acid in the date seed oil and had a concentration of 43.5 5% of total fatty acids. This was followed by lauric (12 0), myristic (14 0), palmitic (16 0), linoleic (18 2n6), capric (10 0), and stearic (18 0) acids along with trace amounts of other fatty acids (Table 7). Date seed oil may serve as an excellent dietary source of oleic acid with a minor amount of linoleic acid. 

The values of Xq, y, and C are available for different fatty acids (Table 4). These constants allow one to calculate the vapor pressure or the boiling point of a fatty... 

Why was ATP added along with the C-labeled fatty acids (Table 4.12) What would the results have been if ATP had been omitted ... 

Studies on Pinus species have shown that the nature and amount of extractives depend upon the percentage of heartwood present and thus on tree age. In Piims radiata, heartwood starts forming once the trees are about 12 to 15 years old. Heartwood extractives occur in greatest amount in inner growth rings near the pith (Uprichard, 1971 Lloyd, 1978) especially in the butt log of mature trees (Table 2.5). The high level of resin in the inner zone appears due to a process of enrichment with sapwood extractives via the transverse resin canals (Harris, 1965). Resin acids predominate in heartwood and comprise from 70-80% of total extractives, however in sapwood there are approximately equal amounts of resin acids and fatty acids (Table 2.6). An important feature of the resin constituents of pines is that a mixture of resin acids in turpentine occur in the resin canals, and the fatty acid esters and unsaponifiable materials occur in the ray parenchyma resin. In some processes, for example refiner mechanical pulping some separation of these chemical components can occur. 

Mode 3. Much more NADPII than ribose 5-phosphate is required. For example, adipose tissue requires a high level of NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids (Table 20.4). In this case, glucose 6-phosphate is completely oxidi i to CO>. Three groups of reactions are active in this situation. First, the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway forms two molecules ot NADPH and one molecule of ribose S-phosphate. Then, ribose 5-phosphate... 

In the present study, we compared the molecular species composition of ethanolamine glycerophospholipids of the frontal cortex of monkeys fed three different diets a control soy-oil (n-3 fatty acid sufficient) diet, a safflower-oil (n-3 fatty acid deficient) diet, or a fish-oil diet rich in several n-3 fatty acids (Table 1) (Hargreaves and Clandinin, 1988). Our results demonstrated the decisive effect of different dietary fatty acids upon the composition of the molecular species of brain phospholipids. These 80 odd different molecular species provide insights into the widespread biochemical diversity imposedby the different diets. 

Also, because fatty acids in animals tend to be mostly saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids are known mainly in vegetable oils, there is an enormous difference between plants and animals in the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (Table 4.4). Thus, an analysis of this ratio can give some indication of vessel use. 

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