Short-chain aliphatics

Peldszus, S., Huck, P. M., and Andrews, S. A., Determination of short-chain aliphatic, oxo- and hydroxy acids in drinking water at low microgram per liter concentrations, /. Chromatogr. A, 723, 27, 1996. 

AtCCD7 (Schwartz et al. 2004). Organic solvent addition (dioxane, DMSO, methanol or acetone) improved activity under low concentrations (Mathieu et al. 2007). Short chain aliphatic alcohols activated the enzymes although the reason for this activation is unclear (probably due to influences on substrate accessibility or micellar structure). An increase in activity was observed for all aliphatic alcohols tested, although the optimal concentration lessened with increasing log P values (Schilling etal. 2007). 

REINTANZ, B., LEHNEN, M., REICHELT, M., GERSHENZON, J., KOWALCZYK, M., SANDBERG, G, GODDE, M., UHL, R., PALME, K., bus, a bushy Arabidopsis CYP79F1 knockout mutant with abolished synthesis of short chain aliphatic glucosinolates, Plant Cell, 2000,13, 351-367. 

Bacterial enzymes have been reported to catalyze the hydrolysis of nitriles [118][121], A nitrilase (EC 3.5.5.1) acts to hydrolyze aromatic nitriles directly to the carboxylic acid. A nitrile hydratase (a lyase, EC 4.2. E84) acts on short-chain aliphatic nitriles to form the amide. As discussed below, the hydrolysis of nitriles to amides is also documented in mammals, but little appears known about the enzymes involved. 

Coenzyme M was shown to function as the central cofactor of aliphatic epoxide carboxylation in Xanthobacter strain Py2, an aerobe from the Bacteria domain (AUen et al. 1999). The organism metabolizes short-chain aliphatic alkenes via oxidation to epoxyalkanes, followed by carboxylation to p-ketoacids. An enzyme in the pathway catalyzes the addition of coenzyme M to epoxypropane to form 2-(2-hydroxypropylthio)ethanesulfonate. This intermediate is oxidized to 2-(2-ketopropylthio)ethanesulfonate, followed by a NADPH-dependent cleavage and carboxylation of the P-ketothioether to form acetoacetate and coenzyme M. This is the only known function for coenzyme M outside the methanoarchaea. 

Nitropyrene was the sole product formed from the gas-phase reaction of pyrene with OH radicals in a NOx atmosphere (Arey et al, 1986). Pyrene adsorbed on glass fiber filters reacted rapidly with N2O5 to form 1-nitropyrene. When pyrene was exposed to nitrogen dioxide, no reaction occurred. However, in the presence of nitric acid, nitrated compounds were produced (Yokley et al, 1985). Ozonation of water containing pyrene (10-200 pg/L) yielded short-chain aliphatic compounds as the major products (Corless et al, 1990). A monochlorinated pyrene was the major product formed during the chlorination of pyrene in aqueous solutions. At pH 4, the reported half-lives at chlorine concentrations of 0.6 and 10 mg/L were 8.8 and <0.2 h, respectively (Mori et al, 1991). 

The short-chain aliphatic ditellurides are liquids with a pungent odour, whereas the higher members (more than IOC chains) are solids with low melting points. 

Brundin, A., Andersson, G., Andersson, K., Mossing, T., and Kallquist, L. (1978). Short-chain aliphatic acids in the interdigital gland secretion of reindeer Rangifer taran-dus L.), and their discrimination by reindeer. Journal of Chemical Ecology 4, 613-622. 

This FMN-dependent enzyme [EC 1.1.3.15], also known as (5)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase, catalyzes the reaction of a (5)-2-hydroxy acid with dioxygen to produce a 2-oxo acid and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme exists as two major isoenzymes. The A form of the protein preferentially oxidizes short-chain aliphatic hydroxy acids. The B form preferentially oxidizes long-chain and aromatic hydroxy acids. The rat isoenzyme B form also acts as an L-amino-acid oxidase. 

Nitrilase [EC 3.5.5.1], also known as nitrile aminohy-drolase and nitrile hydratase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of a nitrile to produce a carboxylate and ammonia. The enzyme acts on a wide range of aromatic nitriles. Nitrile hydratase [EC 4.2.1.84], also known as nitrilase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of a nitrile to produce an aliphatic amide. The enzyme acts on short-chain aliphatic nitriles, converting them into the corresponding acid amides. However, this particular enzyme does not further hydrolyze these amide products nor does the enzyme act on aromatic nitriles. 

MAO Inhibitors. MAO is an enzyme which oxidizes a variety of monoamines. Among the substrates of this enzyme are tyramine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, and short chain aliphatic monoamines ( ). Oxidation of histamine to imidazoleacetaldehyde can be carried out by DAO as well as MAO. is also responsible for the conversion of N -MH, the product of HMT, to N -MIAA. Many MAO inhibitors have been identified they are conventionally divided into hydrazides, hydrazines and amines (44). Some MAO inhibitors, e.g. the hydrazines, are non-selective they also inhibit DAO. 

Work with cereals, performed by a number of researchers in diverse locations, has shown that the short-chain aliphatic or volatile fatty acids (VFA), especially acetic acid, are the only chemicals produced in sufficient quantities from decaying residues to be toxic in the field (59, 60, 6l, 62). VFA have also been... 

Short-chain aliphatic aldehydes, such as acetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propa-nal, 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal (isovaleraldehyde), impart fruity and roast characters to flavour compositions [49]. Natural acetaldehyde is an important compound naturally occurring in a broad range of fruit flavours, essential oils and distillates it augments fruit flavours and, for instance, it decisively contributes to the freshness and juiciness of foods and beverages, such as citrus juices [23, 50]. 

Esters are widespread in fruits and especially those with a relatively low molecular weight usually impart a characteristic fruity note to many foods, e.g. fermented beverages [49]. From the industrial viewpoint, esterases and lipases play an important role in synthetic chemistry, especially for stereoselective ester formations and kinetic resolutions of racemic alcohols [78]. These enzymes are very often easily available as cheap bulk reagents and usually remain active in organic reaction media. Therefore they are the preferred biocatalysts for the production of natural flavour esters, e.g. from short-chain aliphatic and terpenyl alcohols [7, 8], but also to provide enantiopure novel flavour and fragrance compounds for analytical and sensory evaluation purposes [12]. Enantioselectivity is an impor-... 

Camper, D.L., Loew, G.H. and Collins, J.R. (1990) Steric and electronic criteria for teratogenicity of short chain aliphatic acids. Int. ]. Quantum Chem. 

The presence of the aryl spacer groups, derived from the benzylic azide, in Scheme 11 was critical the reaction failed when short-chain aliphatic linkers were used. We suspect this may be due to unwanted cyclization... 

Thermoplastic copolyester elastomers are generally block copolymers produced from short-chain aliphatic diols, aromatic diacids, and polyalkylene ether-diols. They are often called polyesterether or polyester elastomers. The most significant commercial product is the copolymer from butane-1,4-diol, dimethyl terephthalate, and polytetramethylene ether glycol [25190-06-1/, which produces a segmented block copolyesterether with the following structure. 

Properties Short-chain aliphatic poly amine Oxyalkylated short-chain poly amine Long-chain polyamine adduct Aromatic poly amine adduct Polyamide... 

In contrast to the broad variety of applications of 1 - 4 and 1 3 linked glucans after reaction with (C2 to C4) carboxylic acid anhydrides and chlorides [159], the use of dextran esters of short chain aliphatic acids such as acetates or propionates is rather limited. According to the present knowledge, the commonly applied acetylation of polysaccharides with the acetic acid anhydrides or acetyl chlorides in the presence of triethylamine or pyridine as base does not lead to pure and soluble dextran acetate with significant DS values. In contrast, dextran propionates [160] and butyrates [161] can be... 

Hexaorganoditins with short-chain aliphatic groups are colodess liquids, distillable under vacuum, soluble in oiganic solvents other than the lower alcohols, and insoluble in water. They are generally unstable in air, undergoing ready oxidation to a mixture of oiganotin compounds. Hexaarylditins are usually crystalline solids and are much more stable towards oxidation. 

Lepper, H., and Friesenhagen, L. 1986. Process for the production of fatty acid esters of short-chain aliphatic alcohols from fats and/or oils containing free fatty acids. United States Patent 4608202. 

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