Executing Processes

Executing, or execution, processes recognize three supply chain business models Make-to-Stock (MTS), Make-to-Order (MTO), and Engineer-to-Order (ETO). In the MTS company, forecasts drive production requirements. Customer shipments are made from a finished goods inventory. An MTO company has an order in hand before it produces. Boeing s commercial aircraft business and Dell computers are examples. An ETO company must design parts of the product for customer requirements. Each delivered product to a customer is unique. A Configure-to-Order company, not specifically addressed in SCOR, is a hybrid of the MTO and the ETO models. 

A company with multiple supply chains, such as those tailored for multiple spheres, can use one model in one supply chain and a different model in another. This approach is justified by competitive strategies tailored to different product-market combinations, a purpose of process design for different spheres. 

A company can also use different models in its own SOURCE, MAKE, and DELIVER links. For example, it can follow an MTO model in its MAKE link while its raw materials link follows a SOURCE STOCKED PRODUCT model. The make-to-order sandwich shop does just this, replenishing components to forecasts of daily volume (SI SOURCE STOCKED PRODUCT) while manufacturing each sandwich in response to customer orders (M2 MAKE MTO PRODUCT). 

FIGURE 23.4 Using threads to depict supply chain processes. 

Linked supply chain companies can also have varied models within their networks. For example, an MTS company might sell components to a MTO company. This would likely be the case with Dell component suppliers. The suppliers use the MTS model to quickly provide components on demand, while Dell uses the MTO model to fulfill customer orders. 

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In order to identify the major factors affecting the decision to resort to blowdown and the execution process of this operation, a number of data collection techniques were utilized, as shown in Table 7.1. 

Enable a process that prepares, maintains or manages information or relationships on which planning and execution processes rely. These process category comprises support processes of the Execute- and the Planning-processes which maintain information flow. 

In this Chapter emphasis will be put on the planning process while the execution process will be addressed later. In the next sub-Sections the focus of the research, the type of research, the research methodology, the research strategies and methods used will be presented. 

Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 357 1739-1752 Smith EE, Jonides J (1999) Neuroscience - Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science 283 1657-1661... 

Documented process structure provides rapid employee assimilations when transferring employees between sites. New employees, replacing existing process owners, are enabled to rapidly execute process responsibilities due to the abbreviated learning curve when processes have been well defined and documented. Systems designed as described here provide meaningful and comparable metrics for leadership to evaluate progress, compliance, and performance. 

Carter C, Macdonald AM, Botvinick M, Ross LL, Stenger VA, et al. 2000. Parsing executive processes Strategic vs. evaluative functions of the anterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl... 

Schultz W, Studer A, Jonsson G, Sundstrom E, Mcfford I (1985) Deficits in behavioral initiation and execution processes in monkeys with l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 59 225-232. 

Although this book is essentially a guideline for the execution and control of small projects, the concepts and techniques discussed can be applied to the various levels of project expertise and project complexity as well as the types of involvement in the project execution process. This book will be valuable to all... 

Dependent process variables are those that result from implementing the various independent parameters under direct control during processing. As independent parameters are altered there will be some effect on the process conditions as reflected by the dependent variables. Proper control of independent variables will result in achieving the acceptable dependent variables, assuring a high level of confidence that the finished product exhibits the expected attributes. Adequately defined and executed process parameters would be expected to yield a finished product of predictable quality, purity, efficacy, and stability. 

In the QA context, limits are established to trigger specific actions, or outcomes. The alert (warning) limit is the point at which the operator should become alerted to the possibility of a deteriorating trend. When an action limit is exceeded, the operator must take action to identify and correct the condition(s) that are causing a verified trend before a fail limit is reached and the data fail to indicate process control and support continued production. In a well-designed and executed process, however, such a fail limit should never be exceeded, except in the event of a sudden and catastrophic breakdown of a critical process control component. 

The process engine PRIME is used to extend the functionality of the flow diagram editor by providing executable process fragments. Furthermore, PRIME calls MOREX to launch ID simulations of the extruder. 

In subproject BI, the PRIME system (PRocess-Integrated Modeling Environments has been developed for the experience-based process support at technical workplaces. The usage of PRIME for a certain application domain requires the definition of executable process models relevant to the domain. Generalized work processes from chemical engineering design, represProcess Models, were used as a basis for the creation of such executable models. This transition is described in Sect. 6.2. 

Bottorn-up evolution. By executing process instances, experience is acquired which gives rise to new process definitions. An inference algorithm supports the semi-automatic creation of a process model definition from a set of process model instances. 

Knowledge can be arranged on workspaces, on which the user can organize the knowledge for ease of management. Fig. 5 shows a variety of such workspaces, which can be stacked, expanded or contracted, and otherwise manipulated. Each workspace can be treated as a separate execution process, or they can be executed concurrently. 

As the batch record details the executed processing steps, there are records for the laboratory testing for each batch. These requirements are completely consistent with the cGMPs for laboratory records for finished pharmaceuticals. Samples are taken to determine the acceptability of a material the traceability of a sample to the portion of the lot where it came from must be known and recorded. We must know definitely what tests were performed on the sample (test method including revision date), what equipment was used to generate the data, who performed the test, who reviewed the data (a second person must review the data) in addition to the acceptability of the test results themselves. 

The execution processes supported by manufacturing management are the revenue-producing processes that convert materials into finished goods, but that support is limited to tracldng those processes. 

No execution processes are directly supported by process specification management. All levels of resource planning are directly and indirectly supported by this information. 

Realizing the existence of variation due to environment, experimental units, execution process, and also measurement errors, any measured WTLOSS taken from the ith DIET group is unlikely equal to its treatment meaUi and is usually decomposed as (Bhote 1991) ... 

The conventional legislative process is a much more cumbersome than the delegation and execution processes that follow the comitology since the Lisbon Treaty came into force. 

The first type of effort is related to the processing complexity of tasks. This type of mental effort was first discussed and specified by Kahneman(1973). Kahneman considered effort to be a nonspecific input to an information processing structure (a computational mechanism or a processor). Effort corresponds to what a subject is doing and is merely determined by the intrinsic demands of the task In order to know how complex the task is and which processes are involved, cognitive task analysis is required (Card, Moran Newell, 1983 Lamain, in press). In such an analysis the Executive-Process/Interactive-Control (EPIC) architecture of Meyer and Kieras (1997) is used to describe the task in terms of the processing load ofthe taskon the three processors of EPIC (i.e., the perceptual, cognitive, and motor processors). 

The acquired inadequacy during the plan executing process... 

In many cases, these types of policy changes are implemented by people situated very high in the organization who typically have many objectives to consider. In some cases, these decision makers may not be familiar with process safety and its implications for the business. In this case, it may be necessary to educate these high-level executives on what process safety is and how it may affect the business metrics that they may be more familiar with such as profitability and corporate image. One tool for this information sharing is a video and associated reference material that is being produced by CCPS entitled, Executive Process Safety Seminar. ... 

Balance resources with requirements and establish/communicate plans for the whole supply chain, including return, and the execution processes of Source, Make and Deliver... 

In order to achieve the above objectives, companies need to establish the right fleet size and fleet composition, need to optimize daily vehicle routing to reduce distance traveled and drivers working hours and also implement a performance management execution process. Each one of these three areas (fleet size, vehicle routing optimization and performance management) will be reviewed in detail below. 

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