Small project

The cost of off-sites ranges typically from 20 to 40 percent of the total installed cost of the plant. In general terms, the larger the plant, the larger will be the fraction of the total project cost which goes to off-sites. In other words, a small project will require typically 20 percent of the total installed cost as off-sites. For a large project, the figure will be typically up to 40 percent. 

Figure 1-37. Process engineering manhours for new construction or major additions to existing facilities and small projects. By permission, E. E. Ludwig 17]-...

In practice, it is found desirable to have a small pip in the centre of the graphite electrode and to place the powder in a depression around it. The arc tends to pass between the upper pointed electrode and the small projection. 

Electrodes for d.c. arc. The two electrodes are shown in Fig. 20.9. They are conveniently shaped on a lathe from graphite electrodes (Johnson, Matthey 30 cm long JM 3B, 10 mm diameter JM 4B, 6.5 mm diameter). The maximum depression on the lower electrode is 3 mm the small projection in the centre helps to ensure that the arc passes between it and the upper electrode and does not wander appreciably to the edges of the electrode. A small quantity (about 20 mg) of the alloy or powder is placed on the lower electrode. 

For small projects, and for simple choices between alternative processing schemes and equipment, the decisions can usually be made by comparing the capital and operating costs. More sophisticated evaluation techniques and economic criteria are needed when decisions have to be made between large, complex projects, particularly when the projects differ widely in scope, time scale and type of product. Some of the more commonly used techniques of economic evaluation and the criteria used to judge economic performance are outlined in this section. For a full discussion of the subject one of the many specialist texts that have been published should be consulted Brennan (1998), Chauvel et al. (2003) and Vale-Riestra (1983). The booklet published by the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Allen (1991), is particularly recommended to students. 

NPV takes into account the size and profitability of a project, but the IRR measures only profitability. If a company has sufficient resources to consider several small projects, given a prespecified amount of investment, a number of high-value IRRs usually provide a higher overall NPV than a single large project. 

A small project may need only one of these views. The domain view can map directly into classes, which also constitutes the units of work without any higher-level component structuring and the domain view can run in a single process on a single machine. A large project can use all these views and can even introduce new ones. These views are not independent and it is critical to know how they relate to each other. 

Getting straight into the code can be very useful for building a quick prototype. It can also be all you need to do, in small projects (1 person-month or so). And when you start with existing components, a detailed specification may not be achievable with the parts... 

When the surface of the purified HeLa cell nucleus is observed by AFM (Fig. 5a), relatively smooth surface is seen, although many small projections and cavities can be identified (Fig. 5b). When the isolated nuclei are successively subjected to the detergent treatment and high-salt treatment on the glass substrate to remove the nuclear membrane and nucleoplasm, fibrous structures appear (Fig. 5c, d). A close examination by AFM classified the existence of granular structures ( 80 nm width)... 

The size of capital project also has an influence on FEL outcome based on IPA statistics. IPAs data indicate that small projects benefit more from better project definition prior to the EPC phase than do major projects. The data also indicate that small projects typically have more late changes than do larger projects. 

Figure 9-32 illustrates the effect of large projects versus small projects in terms of the impact of late changes (Merrow, E. W., Independent Project Analysis, Inc., 32d Annual Engineering Construction Contracting Conference, Sept. 28-29, 2000). Figure 9-32 also illustrates that the level of FEL performance directly impacts the number of, and the consequences of, late changes made in projects of any size. 

FIG. 9-32 Rate of late major changes is higher for small projects. 

For small projects, particularly around the home, a variety of premixed dry cements and concretes are a ailahlc. These simply require the addition of the requisite amount of water and adequate mixing. 

Struts provides an excellent framework for implementing Model 2 MVC. It helps developers make the system easier to maintain and change. The caveat is its learning curve and complexity to people who are new to it. However, if your system is large and complex, the overhead will definitely pay off. For a small project with a handful of JSPs and Java objects, Model 1 MVC might be more cost effective. To learn more about Struts, go to http //stmts.apache.org. Many books on Struts can be found at http //www.amazon.com. Also see Agarwal (2004). 

When embarking on the implementation of a regulatory computerized system, it is recommended that the project managers appoint an individual to act as the validation project coordinator. The involvement of the validation coordinator on a project will vary depending on the size of project. For a small project, the validation coordinator role may require only a part-time assignment. For a large project, the validation coordinator role may require the assignment of a full-time person. 

Depending on the project scope and objectives, the DQO process may need the input from an extensive team of environmental professionals and scientists. For small projects, it can be conducted by a single, well-informed individual. Organizations that use the DQO process for their planning, observed the following improvements in the execution of their projects (EPA, 2000a) ... 

After instilling the required number of drops, the tragus (small projection in front of the external ear canal) should be pressed once gently to help the drops down the ear canal and expel air bubbles. 

The committee did not consider hydroelectric power explicitly except as part of the electricity grid mix. The remaining renewable energy resources—except wind, solar, and biomass—were not considered owing to their current small fraction of total primary energy supply or small projected growth. 

It becomes clear that environmental considerations not only can play a major factor in the choice of selecting a plant site but can also be quite costly. The American Petroleum Institute has estimated that the preparation of an ELA for each site considered may range from 50,000 for small projects to 1.5 million for a large petroleum refinery. On the other hand, a detailed environmental assessment may quickly eliminate possible sites because of their highly restrictive standards. 

Fora small project, notes of the project meetings (with handouts and reports) may be good enough for documentation. 

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