Evaluation of raw materials

Physical Properties. Physical properties include specific gravity, water absorption, mold shrinkage, transmittance, ha2e, and refractive index. Specific gravity affects performance and has commercial implications. The price of the material divided by the specific gravity gives the yield in cost per unit volume. Comparison of yields gives an evaluation of raw material costs. 

The company was a private label manufacturer of home maintenance and personal care products. Its laboratory would be involved with new product development, evaluation of raw materials, testing of competitive products, and quality control. Laboratory personnel would also be responsible for chemical safety in the plant and for proper waste disposal. 

Besides smell and taste, the sensorial evaluation of raw materials and final products covers trigeminal impressions (e.g. hot) and visual impressions like colour, opacity and particle size. 

Even though full GMP compliance may begin later than receipt of raw materials, it is important to treat raw materials in a GMP compliant manner. Raw materials should be purchased only from suppliers approved by the Quality Unit. For raw materials whose quality is important to conformance of the excipient to compendial or specification requirements, or to performance expectations, the supplier approval process should be a combination of site visit and an evaluation of raw material quality. For other raw materials, it would be adequate to confirm that the raw material supplier can meet the purchasing specification. 

As can be seen from the Global Reactive Chemicals Standard, all existing chemical processes will have a Reactive Chemicals/Process Hazard Analysis review on a predefined periodic basis. In addition, every new plant Production Leader should review their process with the Reactive Chemicals Committee within 90 days of assuming responsibility for a pilot or production plant. Prior to the review, the Leader should acquire training on the chemistry and processes that they are working with. This should include an evaluation of raw materials, processes, products and waste to understand any potential reactive chemical hazards. They should review and be prepared to answer questions from the completed and updated RC/PHA protocol questionnaire as well as other relevant materials in their plant Process Safety Folder, such as F EI, CEI, etc. The review should cover all auxiliary operations to the process such as raw material and product storage drum, tank car and truck loading. 

Procedures governing assessment of new suppliers, evaluations of raw materials, supplier audits, TSCA premanufacturing notification, waste management, and preparation of specifications, labels, and MSDSs. 

MQA A planned system of activities that provides assurance that the manufactured material meets the requirements specified. This includes inspection, verification, audits, and evaluations of raw materials and finished products to access their quality. 

Process Technology Evolution. Maleic anhydride was first commercially produced in the early 1930s by the vapor-phase oxidation of benzene [71-43-2]. The use of benzene as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the 1980s. Several processes have been used for the production of maleic anhydride from benzene with the most common one from Scientific Design. Small amounts of maleic acid are produced as a by-product in production of phthaHc anhydride [85-44-9]. This can be converted to either maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. Benzene, although easily oxidized to maleic anhydride with high selectivity, is an inherently inefficient feedstock since two excess carbon atoms are present in the raw material. Various compounds have been evaluated as raw material substitutes for benzene in production of maleic anhydride. Fixed- and fluid-bed processes for production of maleic anhydride from the butenes present in mixed streams have been practiced commercially. None of these... 

Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

Economic evaluations of waste-reduction options should involve a comparison of operating costs to illustrate where cost savings would accrue. For example, a waste-reduction measure that reduces the amount of raw material lost down the drain during the process will reduce raw-material costs. Raw-material substitution or process changes may reduce the amount of solid waste that must be transported offsite, reducing the transport costs for waste disposal. 

Color is often used as an indicator of food quality due to short evaluation times and cost savings. " People consider the colors of raw materials, half fabricates, and final products in order to make decisions to accept or reject food products. For example, levels of anthocyanins have been used to evaluate the adulteration of various pigmented food products, and fruit color is a strong determinant of ripeness. The role of the food handler in controlling the colors of food products is very important because such judgments are subjective. ... 

Calculations of economic profitability can only be predictive in the phase of process development, before a plant is on stream for a long time. Therefore, individual components of costs and market evaluations will bear some uncertainty. This uncertainty is relatively high for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The impact of these uncertainties on the profitability of a process may be quantified by a sensitivity analysis. This analysis provides information about the sensitivity of the process economics to changes in parameters relevant for the profitability (investment costs, price and consumption of raw materials, utility unit costs, product value and demand, etc.), and therefore on the reliability of the result of the economic evaluation. In the early stages of process development, a high sensitivity indicates the areas requiring attention for continued R D work. 

When the washing machines with conventional controls are optimized further, more and more decisions have to be left to the user, even though the consumer is not in the situation to check whether or not these decisions are right. The users are only able to evaluate whether the wash result meets with their demands or not, they cannot prove how the same result could have been reached with a reduced use of raw materials. To avoid such a problem, AEG have moved on to the third phase of the development of washing techniques. With the help of the concepts of FUZZY LOGIC, a washing machine has been invented that adapts its wash processes to the demands of the laundry in order to offer the most in easy operation and ecology. 

Transportation processes upstream of succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol are disregarded, except for sea transport of crude oil. Treatment of wastewater generated in the plant and preparation of catalysts used in production are deemed negligible factors and omitted from this evaluation. Based on data provided from the plant of Showa Denko, auxiliary materials used in production other than succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol account for a mere 0.2% of raw materials by total weight. They are omitted from this evaluation. Additionally, we do not evaluate film processing in this study, since the process is nearly identical for all products. 

The extraction of raw materials, manufacturing processes, use/reuse, and disposal represent the basic stages of a solvent s life cycle. Each stage of a solvent s life cycle generates a variety of environmental burdens. Environmental-impact evaluation qualitatively assesses the life-cycle stages for chemical solvents. The goal of this evaluation is to select environmentally preferable solvents that can best minimize these life-cycle impacts. 

The use of cross-functional teamwork can enhance the benefits that can be realized during each component of the LCA process. This underscores the fact that the life-cycle assessment is a dynamic and iterative process of evaluation. In order for this dynamism to be fostered, the LCA must encompass as much of the life cycle of the product, process, or activity, as possible. This will necessarily include total cost of raw materials, manufacturing, transportation, and distribution use/reuse/maintenance recycling, and final disposal (Fava and Page, 1992). 

The extensive quality control tests of raw materials, intermediate and final products represent a flood of data which have to be evaluated and documented according to the different aims of the quality control system. Considering the fact, that quality control often has to work under deadline pressure this work can only be done by using powerful electronic labour information and management systems (TIMS). 

Indeed, the selection of raw materials from the pharmaceutical perspective is severely restricted by toxicity concerns, and Attwood and Florence (1998) suggested that only a few nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates 80 and 20 may be suitable for oral administration, with the possibility of some phospholipids serving the same function. Since that time a small number of other nonionic surfactants (e.g., cremo-phores) have been evaluated. 

As the choice of raw materials is steadily becoming a complex task with new polymers and compounding ingredients fighting for a place among the already established ones, critical evaluation is essential before their worth is assessed. 

Before a biotechnology process can be validated, it is essential to evaluate the inherent risk factors associated with the product source, raw materials, and processing operations. Furthermore, the analytical methods that allow characterization and validation of the process, as well as characterization of raw materi-... 

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