Life-cycle stages

Figure i.2. The ffrocess life cycle stages (with section references for this book). 

General Principles across All Life Cycle Stages... 

Addressing transportation risk at various life cycle stages can increase the inherent safety of the overall operation. For example, this may mean minimizing the number of railcars sitting on track within or outside the plant, selecting suppliers close to the plant, and so on. This chapter provides an overview of inherently safer concepts applied to transportation. 

At any given time individuals are more concerned with a particular unit operation, or with a particular life cycle stage of the process. A more broad approach, however, would require an analysis of the impact of the process on ... 

A checklist analysis (CCPS, 1992) verifies the status of a system. It is versatile, easy and applicable at any life-cycle stage of a process. It is primarily used to show compliance with standards and practices by cost-effectively identifying hazards, chlorine Tar> <- liccklists provide commonality for management K.-, icw of hazard assessments. It may be used for controlling a proces.s from development to decommissioning. Approvals by appropriate authorities Cl i( V each stage of a project. 

What-ll/Checklist combines the creative, brainstorming features of a What-lf with the systematic features of a Checklist. The What-lf analysis considers accidents beyond the checklist the check list lends a systematic structure to the What-lf analysis. A What-lf7Checklist examines the potential consequences of accident scenarios at a more general level than some of the more detailed I l liA methods. It can be used for any type of process at any life cycle stage. 

For the octyltin compounds, the only source of these substances relates to their use as stabilizer compounds in PVC products (including other relevant life cycle stages such as production). Thus, it can be safely assumed that measured levels in the environment relate to this application. 

The system boundary of the LCA study comprises the earlier life cycle stages of the chemicals used, the supply of energy and inert gas, the reahsation of the model reaction, work-up and transports to the disposal of wastes (Figure 7.1). All calculations refer to a production of 10 kg m-anisaldehyde as functional unit. All processes within this system s boundaries were included into the balance. Also, the dependence of the additional... 

Each product system consists of a variable number of processes involved in the product life cycle. However, the product under consideration is often related to other processes that may no longer be important for the LCA study. The system boundary serves to the separation of essential and non-essential processes of the product life cycle. Since the choice of system boundaries significantly affects LCA study outcomes and in addition, its intensity and complexity, system boundaries should always be well considered and clearly defined. The choice of system boundaries is carried out with regard to the studied processes, studied environmental impacts and selected complexity of the study. Not-including any life cycle stages, processes or data must be logically reasoned and clearly explained [32]. 

Life Cycle Stage Contribution (kg C02eq/kg product)... 

REACH Regulations on Waste Life Cycle Stage of Substances. 144... 

Figure 2 shows the weighted impact scores of the use of 1 m2 cushion vinyl floor covering, broken down into environmental impact categories and Life Cycle stages. 

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