Raw materials evaluation

New product introductions, 24 343 New raw materials, evaluation of, 24 343 New source performance air pollution... 

These compositional considerations necessitate attention to raw materials evaluation early in process research and development to (1) establish an in-depth knowledge of the principal raw material, including its composition and history of materials handling prior to arrival at the factory, (2) investigate the effects of seasonal variations and storage under various conditions on composition and on hydrolytic performance, and (3) explore alternative pretreatment processes for upgrading the composition and hydrolytic performance of available raw materials. The resource that is for sale is not pure cellulose it is a complex mixture containing cellulose caveat emptor. 

The review looks for major risk situations. General housekeeping and personnel attitude are not the objectives, although tliey can be significant indicators of where to look for real problems or places where meaningful improvements are needed. Various hazard evaluation tcclmiques, such as checklists (see previous Section), whal-if questions (see Section 15.5), and raw material evaluations, can be also used during tlie review. 

Mixer instrumentation, in general, has numerous benefits. In addition to a possible end-point determination, it ean be used to troubleshoot the machine per-formanee (for example, help detect worn-out gears and pulleys or identify mixing and binder irregularities). Instrumentation ean serve as a tool for formulation fingerprinting, assure bateh reproducibility, aid in raw material evaluation, proeess optimization, and scale-up. 

Contracted manufacture. One manufacturer of drugs contracts with cm-other manufacturer to undertake part of the manufacturing process. Even when contracted manufacturing is approved, the main manufacturer has to undertake procurement of raw matericils, acceptance test and inspections on raw materials, evaluation on test results and inspections performed by the contracted manufacturer, tests cmd inspections of the final product, preparation of package inserts, etc. Re-contracted manufacture is not permitted (Article 26-2-4, the Enforcement Ordinance). 

The contracting manufacturer must always undertake at least one of the processes which does not include fined testing, procurement of raw materials, acceptance tests of raw materials, evaluation of test results by the contracted manufacture, tests cmd inspections of the final products or preparation of package inserts. Repackaging by the contracted manufacturer cannot be applicable for this exemption because the contracting manufacturer has the final responsibility for manufacturing in the factories (Notification No. 343 of the PAB in 1994). 

Der Marderosian, A., Raw Material Evaluation through Moisture Resistance Testing, paper presented at in IPC1976 Fall Meeting, San Francisco, IPC-TP-125. 

It is fairly intuitive in which cases the analysis of additives in polymeric formulations should be extended to quantitation. Quantitative analysis may be of importance from raw material evaluation to quality control, allows to verify mass balances and is the... 

Bandyopadhyay et al. 108] used infrared spectroscopy to identify the polymer, the polymenblend ratio calculation, the raw material evaluation, the study of reaction mechanism, and the microstructural determination. When NR was characterized using FTIR, the absorbance ratio of specific peaks of different grades of... 

Once the flowsheet structure has been defined, a simulation of the process can be carried out. A simulation is a mathematical model of the process which attempts to predict how the process would behave if it was constructed (see Fig. 1.1b). Having created a model of the process, we assume the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the feeds. The simulation model then predicts the flow rates, compositions, temperatures, and pressures of the products. It also allows the individual items of equipment in the process to be sized and predicts how much raw material is being used, how much energy is being consumed, etc. The performance of the design can then be evaluated. 

Evaluation of design options. Costs are required to evaluate process design options e.g., should unconverted raw material be recycled or disposed of ... 

Cost Calculation. The main elements determining production cost are identical for fine chemicals and commodities (see Economic evaluation), a breakdown of production cost is given in Table 2. In multipurpose plants, where different fine chemicals occupying the equipment to different extents are produced during the year, a fair allocation of costs is a more difficult task. The allocation of the product-related costs, such as raw material and utiHties, is relatively easy. It is much more difficult to allocate for capital cost, labor, and maintenance. A simplistic approach is to define a daily rent by dividing the total yearly fixed cost of the plant by the number of production days. But that approach penalizes the simple products using only part of the equipment. 

Process Technology Evolution. Maleic anhydride was first commercially produced in the early 1930s by the vapor-phase oxidation of benzene [71-43-2]. The use of benzene as a feedstock for the production of maleic anhydride was dominant in the world market well into the 1980s. Several processes have been used for the production of maleic anhydride from benzene with the most common one from Scientific Design. Small amounts of maleic acid are produced as a by-product in production of phthaHc anhydride [85-44-9]. This can be converted to either maleic anhydride or fumaric acid. Benzene, although easily oxidized to maleic anhydride with high selectivity, is an inherently inefficient feedstock since two excess carbon atoms are present in the raw material. Various compounds have been evaluated as raw material substitutes for benzene in production of maleic anhydride. Fixed- and fluid-bed processes for production of maleic anhydride from the butenes present in mixed streams have been practiced commercially. None of these... 

Elements that the researcher evaluates about competitors include plants, processes, raw material costs and avakabiHty, distribution channels, product development skills, service faciHties, personnel, pricing poHcies, eg, does the competitor lead or foUow , and practices or concessions to secure and hold large customers. AH of these factors are weighed and then the researcher decides on a strategy for the company. 

New product introductions are generally heavily supported by the technical service function. Many customers using chemical feedstocks to produce multicomponent products for the consumer market require extensive on-line evaluations of new raw materials prior to their acceptance for use. An example of this would be the use of a new engineering polymer for the fabrication of exterior automobile stmctural panels. Full-scale fabrication of the part foUowed by a detailed study of parameters, such as impact strength, colorant behavior, paint receptivity, exterior photodurabiHty, mar resistance, and others, would be required prior to making a raw materials change of this nature. 

Phase II Mass Balance. (/) Determine raw material iaputs. 2) Record water usage. 3) Assess present practice and procedures. (4) Quantify process outputs. (5) Account for emissions to atmosphere, to wastewater, and to off-site disposal. (6) Assemble iaput and output information. (7) Derive a preliminary mass balance. (8) Evaluate and refine the mass balance. 

Biake linings and clutch facings consist of friction materials. Friction materials technology encompasses friction material types, their appHcations, friction and wear characteristics, raw materials, manufacturing methods, and evaluation and test methods. 

Physical Properties. Physical properties include specific gravity, water absorption, mold shrinkage, transmittance, ha2e, and refractive index. Specific gravity affects performance and has commercial implications. The price of the material divided by the specific gravity gives the yield in cost per unit volume. Comparison of yields gives an evaluation of raw material costs. 

Ereduc tion of a product or service must be evaluated over its entire istoiy or life cycle. This life-cycle analysis or total systems approach (Ref. 3) is crucial to identifying opportunities for improvement. As described earher, this type of evaluation identifies energy use, material inputs, and wastes generated during a products hfe from extraction and processing of raw materials to manufacture and transport of a product to the marketplace and finally to use and dispose of the produc t (Ref. 5). 

Reduced negative environmental impacts. Through an evaluation of pollution-prevention alternatives, which consider a total systems approach, consideration is given to the negative impact of environmental damage to natural resources and species that occur during raw-material procurement and waste disposal. The performance of pollution-prevention endeavors will therefore result in enhanced environmental protection. 

As discussed in Chapter 2, The Toller Selection Process, evaluating the site s safe work practice procedures should have been a part of the review during the toller selection process. Still, new materials may indicate a need to revise or develop special procedures to address unique chemical and physical hazards. New hazards such as vacuum, ciyogenics, ultra-high pressure, or new rotating equipment could be introduced. Medical monitoring requirements or special handling and spill response procedures for the toll s raw materials and products may indicate a need to write or revise safe work practices. 

A test run involving the actual raw materials for the toll or the initial startup that follows a water batch and PSSR is an appropriate time to evaluate any planned changes necessary for increasing production later in the toll. 

Economic evaluations of waste-reduction options should involve a comparison of operating costs to illustrate where cost savings would accrue. For example, a waste-reduction measure that reduces the amount of raw material lost down the drain during the process will reduce raw-material costs. Raw-material substitution or process changes may reduce the amount of solid waste that must be transported offsite, reducing the transport costs for waste disposal. 

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