Washing techniques

Currently, hand exposure is predominately measured using the hand wash technique. Numerous solvents have been suggested for use in this procedure however, rubbing alcohol or a mild detergent in water has been the most commonly used. 

When the washing machines with conventional controls are optimized further, more and more decisions have to be left to the user, even though the consumer is not in the situation to check whether or not these decisions are right. The users are only able to evaluate whether the wash result meets with their demands or not, they cannot prove how the same result could have been reached with a reduced use of raw materials. To avoid such a problem, AEG have moved on to the third phase of the development of washing techniques. With the help of the concepts of FUZZY LOGIC, a washing machine has been invented that adapts its wash processes to the demands of the laundry in order to offer the most in easy operation and ecology. 

In order to understand the application of FUZZY CONTROL in the development of washing processes, a short explanation of conventional washing techniques will be necessary. 

The spread of HAV can be best controlled by avoiding exposure. The most important measures to avoid exposure include good hand-washing techniques and good personal hygiene practices. 

Figure 7 Recovery of sizes by washing techniques (from Refs. 3 and 22).

Safe handling of laboratory glassware Safety showers and eye washes Technique of solid sample handling for IR spectroscopy... 

Jang, M., Hwang, J.S. and Choi, S.I. (2007b) Sequential soil washing techniques using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide for remediating arsenic-contaminated soils in abandoned iron-ore mines. Chemosphere, 66(1), 8-17. 

Solvent Wash. Hardwood, porcelain, glass, metal and similar hard-surfaced items lend themselves to the solvent wash technique of recovery. Usually, no odors can be detected and indications are that a very small quantity of only the high-boiling fractions of an accelerant remain for recovery. 

The choice of the type of extraction technique, whether with chloroform-methanol or hexane-isopropanol, makes little difference in the total recovery of lipid. Removal of nonlipid contaminants can certainly be achieved with either of the aforementioned wash techniques. Thus the decision on the choice of the solvent for extraction rests solely with the investigator. 

The residue left after the solvent - alcohol (in the earlier crystallization method) or xylene (from the washing technique) - has been distilled off, is a semi-solid substance consisting of a- trinitrotoluene, its isomers, dim trot oluenes and other nitro compounds, all of them found as impurities in TNT. 

Wakelyn, P.J., Jacobs, R.R., and Kirk, I.W., Eds., Washed Cotton Washing Techniques, Processing Characteristics, and Health Effects, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1986. 

Washing or wiping the skin can remove chemical deposits, and chemical concentrations can be measured (Durham and Wolfe, 1962 Davis, 1980). Wash techniques are generally used only to assess hand exposure, while wiping techniques can, in theory, be applied to other skin surfaces. 

Two wash techniques are used in plate-and-frame filter presses, illustrated in Fig. 18-125. In simple washing, the wash liquor follows the same path as the filtrate. If the cake is not extremely uniform and highly permeable, this type of washing is ineffective in a well-filled... 

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