Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer properties

Medintseva, T.I., Dreval, V.E., Erina, N.A., and Prut, E.V., Rheological properties thermoplastic elastomers based on isotactic polypropylene with an ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, Polym. Sci. A, 45, 2032, 2003. 

Structural Factors and Tensile Properties of Ethylene-Propylene—Diene Terpolymers Prepared with Various Catalyst Systems... 

Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDM), with their inherent complexity in structural parameters, owe their tensile properties to specific structures dictated by polymerization conditions, among which the controlling factor is the catalyst used in preparing the polymers. However, no detailed studies on correlation between tensile properties and EPDM structures have been published (l,2). An unusual vulcanization behavior of EPDMs prepared with vanadium carboxylates (typified by Vr g, carboxylate of mixed acids of Ccj-Cq) has been recently reported Q). This EPDM attains target tensile properties in 18 and 12 minutes at vulcanization temperatures of 150 and l60°C respectively, while for EPDMs prepared with V0Cl -Et3Al2Cl or V(acac) -Et2AlCl, about 50 and 0 minutes are usually required at the respective vulcanization temperatures, all with dieyclopentadiene (DCPD) as the third monomer and with the same vulcanization recipe. This observation prompted us to inquire into the inherent structural factors... 

Polymer International 51,No.7, July 2002, p.601-6 PHYSICAL STUDIES OF FOAMED REINFORCED RUBBER COMPOSITES. PART I. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMED ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER AND NITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOSITES... 

MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CLOSED CELL MICROCELLULAR ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER(EPDM) RUBBER VULCANISATES - EFFECT OF SILICA FILLER AND BLOWING AGENT Guriy a K C Tripathy D K Indian Institute of Technology... 

Sulfonation is very useful chemical modification of polymer, as it induces high polarity in the polymer changing its chemical as well as physical properties. Sulfonated polymers are also important precursors for ionomer formation [75]. There are reports of sulfonation of ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) [76, 77], polyarylene-ether-sulfone [78], polyaromatic ether ketone [79], polyether ether ketone (PEEK) [80], styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer, (SEBS) [81]. Poly [bis(3-methyl phenoxy) phosphozene] [82], Sulfonated polymers show a distinct peak at 1176 cm"1 due to stretching vibration of 0=S=0 in the -S03H group. Another peak appears at 881 cm 1 due to stretching vibration of S-OH bond. However, the position of different vibrational bands due to sulfonation depends on the nature of the cations as well as types of solvents [75, 76]. 

Moseman, M. and Ingham, J.D., Smoke properties of highly filled ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer rubbers, Rubber Chem. Technol., 51, 970, 1978. 

Improved ABS-similar resins can be obtained by grafting SAN onto ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers (EPDMs) which contain, usually, a much lower degree of unsaturation than polybutadiene, thus achieving hi er thermal-oxidative resis-tance However, only EPDMs containing a sufficient amount (7—10 double bonds per 1,000 C atons) of reactive unsaturations, e.g. ethylidene or isopropylidene groups, display a grafting efficiency sufiident to bring about compatibility of the ssy i se with the rubbery one and hence satisfactory final properties. 

P.V. Anil Kumar, S. Anil Kumar, K.T. Varughese, S. Thomas, Transport properties of high-density polyethylene/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer blends. J. Mater. Sci. 47, 3293-3304 (2012)... 

Papazoglou and Rosenthal[71] produced nylon blends having improved low-temperature properties. Moldable nylon-6 blends with improved low-temperature impact strength and reduced brittleness were prepared by melt blending nylon-6, maleic anhydride-g-ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, and rubber modified styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer. The impact property of the rubber-modified nylon composition is given in Table 5. The blend components were melt blended at temperatures between 260 and 310 °C. As a standard, all three components of the blend were simultaneously melt blended (A). Nylon-6 was melted first and then the functionalized terpolymer was melt blended prior to downstream introduction of the rubber modified copolymer (B). Nylon-6 and the functionalized terpolymer were first melt blended and then the rubber modified copolymer was added to the melted mixture at a downstream feed port (C). 

The co-continuous structure and the final rheological properties of an immiscible polymer blend are generally controlled by not only the viscoelastic and interfacial properties of the constituent polymers but also by the processing parameters. For example, the effect of plasticizer on co-continuity development in blends based on polypropylene and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (PP/EPDM), at various compositions, was studied using solvent extraction. The results showed more rapid percolation of the elastomeric component in the presence of plasticizer. However, the same fuUy co-continuous composition range was maintained, as for the non-plasticized counterparts (Shahbikian et al. 2011). It was also shown that the presence of nanoclay narrows the co-continuity composition range for non-plasticized thermoplastic elastomeric materials (TPEs) based on polypropylene and ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer and influences their symmetry. This effect was more pronounced in intercalated nanocomposites than in partially exfoliated nanocomposites with improved clay dispersion. It seems that the smaller, well-dispersed particles interfere less with thermoplastic phase continuity (Mirzadeh et al. 2010). A blend of polyamide 6 (PA6) and a co-polyester of... 

Impact properties of polyethylenes, HOPE, LDPE, or LLDPE, were improved by blending them with ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer, EPDM, and with polypropylene PP, or polybutene, PB H. P. Schreiber, British Patent I, 037,819 1,037,820, 03 Aug 1966, Appl. 1963, to Canadian Industries Ltd. 

The mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites are also influenced by the chemical treatment of nanoparticles due to the different neighborhood in the material. The free volume that characterizes the density of material is modified and, consequently, the penetration of fluids (solvents, oxygen) is rather favorable to degradation. The diffusion of xylene in ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer is unlike, if material presents different consistency (Fig. 14, [191]). The competitive radiochemical processes, crosslinking of polymer and degradation of covering layer are the most important reasons responsible for the different shapes of swelling curves. 

Schaefer et al. (19) studied the interphase microstructure of ternary polymer composites consisting of polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene-terpolymer (EPDM), and different types of inorganic fillers (e.g., kaolin clay and barium sulfate). They used extraction and dynamic mechanical methods to relate the thickness of absorbed polymer coatings on filler particles to mechanical properties. The extraction of composite samples with xylene solvent for prolonged periods of time indicated that the bound polymer around filler particles increased from 3 to 12 nm thick between kaolin to barium sulfate filler types. Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analyses of the bound polymer layers indicated that EPDM was the main constituent adsorbed to the filler particles. Without doubt, the existence of an interphase microstructure was shown to exist and have a rather sizable thickness. They proceeded to use this interphase model to fit a modified van der Poel equation to compute the storage modulus G (T) and loss modulus G"(T) properties. 

To meet these desirable properties, the appropriate polymer to consider would be ethylene - propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM). In the manufacture of a cost effective, impermeable membrane system, EPDM rubber is the right choice as a discreet material for improved waterproofing and protective lining applications in roofing and other uses in the construction sectors [125]. 

This technique has found the following applications in addition to those discussed in Sections 10.1 (resin cure studies on phenol urethane compositions) [65], 12.2 (photopolymer studies [66-68]), and 13.3 (phase transitions in PE) [66], Chapter 15 (viscoelastic and rheological properties), and Section 16.4 (heat deflection temperatures) epoxy resin-amine system [67], cured acrylate-terminated unsaturated copolymers [68], PE and PP foam [69], ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers [70], natural rubbers [71, 72], polyester-based clear coat resins [73], polyvinyl esters and unsaturated polyester resins [74], polyimide-clay nanocomposites [75], polyether sulfone-styrene-acrylonitrile, PS-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blends and PS-polytetrafluoroethylene PMMA copolymers [76], cyanate ester resin-carbon fibre composites [77], polycyanate epoxy resins [78], and styrenic copolymers [79]. 

Dynamic mechanical analysis has also been used to determine the mechanical and thermal properties of low-density polyethylene and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer containing jute filler, which had improved flexural and impact properties compared to those of the base polymer [198]. Jeong and coworkers [196] and others [195] investigated the dynamic mechanical properties of a series of polyhexamethyl-ene lerephthalale, poly(l,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate), and random copolymers thereof in the amorphous state as a function of temperature and frequency. The effect of copolymer composition on dynamic mechanical properties was examined and the dynamic mechanical properties interpreted in terms of the cooperativity of segmental motions. 

Melt blending of polymers is a widely used technique for tailor-making polymeric materials to generate the desired properties. Blending polypropylene block copolymer (PPBC) with elastomeric ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM) produces a range of useful materials commercialized in early 1970 s that found significant uses in the automotive industry. Polyolefin-based bumpers dominate the automobile market in Europe and Japan and have made in-roads in the North American market. In India, the polyolefin blend for car bumpers was commercialized in 1992. 

Sircar and co-workers [8] compared experimental and data from the literature for the Tg of some common elastomers determined by different thermal analysis techniques, including DSC, TMTA, DMTA, dielectric analysis and thermally stimulated current methods. Elastomers examined include natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polychloroprene, nitrile rubber, ethylene-propylene diene terpolymer and butyl rubber. Tg values obtained by DSC, TMA and DMTA were compared. Experimental variables and sample details, which should be included along with Tg data were described, and the use of Tg as an indication of low temperature properties was discussed. 

Polymerization of ethylene and propylene results in a saturated copolymer. In order to vulcanize this rubber, some unsaturation has to be introduced. This is commonly done by adding a few percent of non-conjugated diene (termonomer) such as dicyclopentadiene, 1,4-hexadiene, or ethylidene norborene during the polymerization. Since only one of the double bonds of the diene reacts during polymerization, the other is free for vulcanization. The amount of unsaturation left in the ethylene propylene diene terpolymer is of great interest because the vulcanization properties will be affected. 

Chang, Y. W., Kim, S., Kang, S. C., and Bae, S. Y., 2011. Thermomechanical properties of ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer/organoclay nanocomposites and foam processing in supercritical carbon dioxide. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 28 1779-84. 

Another widely used approach is the in situ polymerization of an intractable polymer such as polypyrrole onto a polymer matrix with some degree of processibil-ity. Bjorklund [30] reported the formation of polypyrrole on methylcellulose and studied the kinetics of the in situ polymerization. Likewise, Gregory et al. [31] reported that conductive fabrics can be prepared by the in situ polymerization of either pyrrole or aniline onto textile substrates. The fabrics obtained by this process maintain the mechanical properties of the substrate and have reasonable surface conductivities. In situ polymerization of acetylene within swollen matrices such as polyethylene, polybutadiene, block copolymers of styrene and diene, and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers have also been investigated [32,33]. For example, when a stretched polyacetylene-polybutadiene composite prepared by this approach was iodine-doped, it had a conductivity of around 575 S/cm and excellent environmental stability due to the encapsulation of the ICP [34]. Likewise, composites of polypyrrole and polythiophene prepared by in situ polymerization in matrices such as poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinylidine chloride-( o-trifluoroethylene), and brominated poly(vi-nyl carbazole) have also been reported. The conductivity of these composites can reach up to 60 S/cm when they are doped with appropriate species [10]. 

---