Ethoxylate acid sulphate

The desired ethoxylate acid sulphate product formed is less prone to thermal decomposition than the primary alcohol sulphation acid product. This is usually attributed to the moderating influence of the ethoxylate chain on the reactivity of SO3, together with stability of the ethoxylate acid sulphate product. The alcohol ethoxylate acid sulphate requires rapid and efficient neutralisation to maintain good product quality (preventing by-products, notably dioxane) and colour. 

The process consists of an exothermic reaction between a neutralising agent and either sulphonic acid (ex LAB, alpha-olefins, FAME) or acid sulphate (ex primary alcohols, ethoxylated alcohols). Neutralisation can be carried out after prolonged storage, if the acid stability permits (LABSA, FAME-SA). 

With monoalkanolamide or ethoxylated monoalkanolamide sulphate. Acid hydrolysis (section 2.4.4). Then any of the following. 

Ethoxylated products can also feature as amphoteric surfactants an example is compound 9.55, an alkylamine poly(oxyethylene) sulphate. Of particular interest in textile processing are the trisubstituted alkylamino acids known as betaines N-alkylbetaines (9.56 R = C8-C16 alkyl) and acylaminoalkylbetaines (9.57 R = C10-C16 alkyl) are typical [30]. 

Anionic and cationic products generally tend to interact with each other, usually diminishing the surface-active properties of both and often resulting in precipitation of the complex formed. Amphoteric compounds can also be incompatible with anionics in acid solution but are generally compatible with cationics and nonionics. Interaction between anionic and cationic agents can sometimes be prevented by addition of a nonionic. In some cases, if an ethoxylated sulphate or phosphate is used as the anionic component a cationic compound produces no obvious precipitation, since the oxyethylene chain acts as dispersant for any complex that may be formed. 

A reliable modification of the process for the estimation of methoxyl is that of the British Pharmacopoeia, 1932. The apparatus is shown in Fig. 80. A Pyrex flask (A) of about 100 c.cs. capacity, having a bulb (B) of about 70 c.cs. capacity blown on the side tube, contains the mixture of substance (about 0-2 gm.) and hydriodic acid (10 c.cs.). The side tube is connected through a smaller bulbed tube (0) to a set of bulbs (D, see Fig. 65), immersed in a water bath at 60° (95° for ethoxyl), containing red phosphorus suspended in a 2% aqueous solution of cadmium sulphate. To this is attached two absorption flasks (E), each containing about 20 c.cs. of the above alcoholic silver nitrate. To the flask (A) is... 

Hard surface cleaners Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alkanolamides Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Potassium oleic acid sulphonate Shorter chain alcohol ether sulphates Detergency high/low foaming... 

Simulsol Series Ethoxylated fatty alcohols and acids Alkyl ether sulphates... 

Alkyl phenol ethoxylates have been over many years the workhorses as nonionic emulsifiers for emulsion polymerization. Depending on availability and price of buten and propen, nonyl (tripropylene)phenol ethoxylates or octyl (dibutylene) phenol ethoxylates have been very broadly used, whereas dodecyl (tetrapropylene or tributylene)phenol and tri tert-butylphenol ethoxylates were merely regarded as specialties. These aUcyl phenol ethoxylates can also be used as intermediates for the synthesis of anionic alkyl phenol ether sulphates. Sulphation by chlorosul-phonic acid or sulphur trioxide besides formation of the ether sulphate end group inevitably leads to certain amounts of ring sulphonation in the phenyl group, whereas amidosulphonic acid gives sulphonate-free aUcyl phenol ether sulphate ammonium salts. 

Alkyl phenol ethoxylates can also react with P4O10 yielding alkyl phenol etherphosphates as a mixture of mono-/diesters or with maleic anhydride to yield maleic acid monoesters, which then react with NaHS03 to yield sulphosuccinate monoesters. Alkylphenolpolyglycolether sulphates, phosphates or sulphosuccinates are mainly used as primary anionic emulsifiers for the manufacturing of acrylic, styrene/acrylic or vinyl acetate co-polymer dispersions. Another type of non-ionic emulsifier is block copolymers of ethylene oxide with propylene oxide. 

Water content is adjusted to the total surfactant concentration of 30-42 % wt. The residual sulphite in the product may be oxidised to sulphate. The sulphonation proceeds also well when using partially hydrated crystalline sodium sulphite in a jacketed shear-stress reactor. This process modification is especially appropriate for manufacturing concentrated sulphosuccinate monoesters as flakes or vermicelli (often with plasticisers and fillers added in situ) suitable in mild synthetic soap bars [78]. The Cn-ig alcohols (I), ethoxylated (x2-4 mole EO) alcohols (II), and fatty monoethanolamides (III) esters of sulphosuccinic acid, mainly as sodium and alkanolamine salts, are of most practical importance as very mild high-foaming surfactants useful for personal care products and in wool, fur, and leather treatment. Very mild disodium PEG-5 laurylcitrate sulphosuccinate (in combination with sodium lauryl ethersulphate) serve for cosmetics produced by Witco as "Rewopol SB CS 50". 

The salts of monoesters of sulphuric acid (mainly known as alkyl sulphates, alcohol sulphates or sulphated higher alcohols and ether sulphates or sulphated ethoxylated alcohols) have been proceeded for tens of years through the competition with alkylbenzenesulphonates and other anionic and nonionic surfactants with respect to the consumer s merits and cost performance. Among other surfactants, the today s world consumption share of alcohol sulphates and ether sulphates is ca. 25 % in household and laundry aids and ca. 20 % in personal care products [81]. The formers are mostly based on sulphates of petrochemical origin whereas the least are more oriented to sulphates from oleochemicals. 

Under neutralisation of the sulphation/sulphonation product of ethoxylated alkylphenols with SO3, the use of moderately concentrated caustic soda yields sodium sulphate-sulphonates while the desulphation reaction proceeds smoothly when the acids are reacted with concentrated alkali [83],... 

Another way having major industrial importance as far ten years back is the sulphation of alcohols and ethoxylated alcohols with chlorosulphonic acid. The reaction is best carried out at 25-30 °C in batch or flow reactors according to the equation ... 

For the evaluation of the foamability of a surfactant the bulk concentration is used at which the relative rate of foam collapse is equal to 50% of its formation (cw °). The cw ° values determined from foam formation isotherms of a number of products are given in Table 6.1. As it is seen, typical representatives of anionics (sodium dodecyl sulphate), cationics (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) and nonionics (ethoxylated alkylphenols) give bubble foams at very low concentrations, and the foam stability of ionic surfactants does not differ much from that of nonionics. For anionics, the highest concentrations are required for soaps of higher carboxylic acids. 

Fatty acid and salts of fatty acids Alkyl aryl sulphonates Alkyl sulphates Phenol ethoxylates... 

In the case of alpha-olefins, alcohols and alcohol ethoxylates high levels of decomposition products can also be present, notably high levels of 1,4-dioxane (0.5 - 1.0%) when alcohol ethers are sulphated and the residue remains in its acid form for long periods (hours). Residues from a plant running exclusively on alkylbenzene can be blended with the main production stream at a low level to meet sulphonic acid colour standards. 

It is essential to neutralise the acid forms of lauryl alcohol, alcohol ethoxylates and tallow alcohol as quickly as possible to prevent reversion (see also 4.3.3). To make "standard" concentrations of LABS, lauryl alcohol sulphate, lauryl alcohol ethoxylate sulphate and tallow alcohol sulphate, the following conditions are required (table 39) ... 

These materials are readily determined by two-phase titration (ISO 2271) or potentiometric titration with benzethonium chloride. On acid hydrolysis they yield the corresponding alcohol, a sulphate ion and a hydrogen ion, and this affords three additional approaches—determination of the increase in acidity, of the amount of fatty alcohol or ethoxylated alcohol liberated, and of the sulphate ion. The experimental procedure may be varied within limits for example ISO 2870 [5] and ASTM D 1570-89 [6] differ with respect to the identity of the acid used, duration of boiling, choice of indicator and other details. The following procedures are similar to both of those standard methods. The choice of indicator is immaterial for these particular compounds, but is of crucial importance in some other cases. 

Other methods, states that the method can be used for ethoxylated alkanolamides. The method can be applied to the ethoxylates obtained by acid hydrolysis of alkylether sulphates and sulphated alkylphenol ethoxylates and subsequent extraction with chloroform or by deionisation. The chemical process is hydrolysis of the oxyethylene groups by nascent hydriodic acid, thermal decomposition of the ethylene di-iodide formed and titration of the iodine with thiosulphate. 

As in previous chapters, this chapter deals with the analysis of cationics and amphoterics either alone, as raw materials or as fractions isolated by ion exchange or otherwise, or in formulated products. Fractions isolated by ion exchange are likely to contain other materials, analogously with anionics. Amines, ethoxylated amines and amine oxides are included in this chapter because they are bases and capable of a cationic function. They are retained as cations by ion-exchange columns and do not appear in the nonionic fraction of separated mixtures, they can be titrated with acids and, in acid solution, with sodium dodecyl sulphate, provided the ethylene oxide chains of ethoxylates are not too long. 

Ethoxylated amines with short ethylene oxide chains can be titrated with sodium dodecyl sulphate and NaTPB in acid solution, but the titrations become increasingly unsatisfactory as the chain length increases. The same is no doubt true of ethoxylated diamines. Commercial ethoxylated amines have typically 12-60 EO units, and the diamines have up to 25. 

Extraction of ethoxylated alcohol (by deionisation) gives ether sulphate Fatty acid by petroleum ether extraction and alkali titration (lower ethoxylates also extracted) gives glyceride sulphate Extraction of fatty amine and acid titration (lower ethoxylates also extracted) gives sulphosuccinamate... 

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