Alkyl benzene sulphonates

Trehy et al. [5] determined linear alkyl benzene sulphonates in sediments in amounts down to 0.5mg kg-1 using this technique. 

This technique has been used to determine linear alkyl benzene sulphonates in sludges [9, 11]. 

Trehey et al. [9] determined alkyl benzene sulphonates and dialkyltetralin sulphonates in sediments by this technique with a detection limit of 0.5g kg 1. 

Uchiyama [11] applied this method to the determination of fluorescent whitening agents and alkyl benzenesulphonates and also methylene blue active substances in bottom sediment samples taken in a lake. The muds were filtered off with a suction filter and frozen until analyzed. About 20g of wet bottom mud was extracted three times with a methanol-benzene (1 1) mixture. After the solvent was evaporated using a water bath, the residue was dissolved in hot water and this solution used for analysis. Table 10.2 shows the analytical results for methylene blue active substances (MBAS), alkyl benzene-sulphonate (ABS), and fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) in bottom sediments. 

Station no. Methylene blue active substances (bgg 1 dry mud) Alkyl benzene- sulphonate (bg gdry mud) Fluorescent whitening agent (fJg gdry mud)... 

Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates Li Chrosorb 0.05M NaC104, acetonitrile (2 3) Fluorometric excite, 225nm emission 275nm lOng O.lmg IP1 [84]... 

Other organic compounds that have been determined in sewage effluents include the following (see Table 15.13) hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, chlorobenzenes, nitrosamines, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid, nitriloacetic acid, organophosphorus compounds, linear alkyl benzene sulphonates, methyl mercaptan, polychlorobiphenyls and chlorinated insecticides. 

Powder and liquid Alkyl benzene sulphonates Detergency/some... 

Dishwashing liquids Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alcohol ether sulphates Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Detergency/foaming... 

Toilet blocks Fatty alcohol long chain ethoxylates Alkyl benzene sulphonate powder Solid, high foamers... 

Hard surface cleaners Alkyl benzene sulphonates Alkanolamides Fatty alcohol ethoxylates Potassium oleic acid sulphonate Shorter chain alcohol ether sulphates Detergency high/low foaming... 

Another material on the horizon is MLABS (modified LABS), a branched chain development for lower wash temperatures. Procter Gamble patented this material in the late 1990s but it has not found commercial support due to the low margins in the industry and the need for substantial investment to modify the feedstock. Interest in MLABS remains as the modifications have overcome most of the performance deficiencies of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate (LABS). 

Nansa Series Alkyl benzene sulphonic acids and salts Olefin sulphonates... 

Manchester, England Libratex Series Alkyl benzene sulphonic acid... 

Ufaryl Series Alkyl benzene sulphonates (powders)... 

Roberts, D.W. 1989. Aquatic toxicity of linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS) - a QSAR analysis. Communicaciones Presentadas a las Jomadas del Comite Espanol de la Detergencia, 20 (1989) 35-43. Also in J.E. Turner, M.W. England, T.W. Schultz and N.J. Kwaak (eds.) QSAR 88. Proc. Third International Workshop on Qualitative Structure-Activity Relationships in Environmental Toxicology, 22-26 May 1988, Knoxville, Tennessee, pp. 91-98. Available from the National Technical Information Service, US Dept, of Commerce, Springfield, VA... 

Alkyl benzene sulphonates are one of the most important groups of surfactants and detergents. More particularly, lin. dodecylbenzenesulphonate is used as an anionic emulsifier for manufacturing of E-PVC as well as for polymer dispersions, whereas the usage of the branched tetrapropylenebenzene sulphonate, TPS, has been reduced to a very limited number of applications. 

Figure 3.2 Plots of the salinity (5) versus the alkane carbon number (ACN). (a) Optimum formulation lines as the locus of the minimum interfacial tension, i.e. of the three-phase region centre, (b) Optimum formulation line as the locus in bidimensional S-ACN map for the same water-oil-alcohol systems containing different surfactants at constant temperature. CnOXS stands for alkylorthoxylene sulphonates, ABS for alkyl benzene sulphonate, PS for petroleum sulphonate (the number after PS indicates the average molecular weight).

The salinity effect of different salts, particularly divalent cation salts, is expressed through the term bS in the correlation for non-ionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated phenol or alcohol type. No information is available yet on the salinity effect on other non-ionics such as alkyl-polyglucosides. The salinity effect on ionic surfactant systems is a more complex issue because the surfactant itself is also a (more or less) dissociated electrolyte. Its degree of dissociation is paramount as far as its hydrophilicity is concerned. For instance sodium salts of alkyl sulphonic acids are essentially completely dissociated, hence they act as the sulphonate ion, and it is essentially the same with the salt of potassium or ammonium. The presence of multivalent anions produces an interference with the monovalent anionic surfactant ion, such as an alkyl benzene sulphonate, but it is essentially an ideal mixing rule. 

It has been known for almost three decades that mixing anionic and ethoxylated non-ionic surfactants allows to produce microemulsions which are insensitive to temperature changes [60]. The expressions of the HLD for the two kind of surfactants (see Eqs. (3.24) and (3.25)) exhibit a different sign before the aj and cj temperature coefficients. The signs express the fact that the affinity of water for an ionic surfactant increases when the temperature increases, whereas the reverse takes place with a polyethoxylated non-ionic surfactant. Coefficient ax is about 0.01 for alkyl benzene sulphonates and 0.02 for alkyl trimethyl quaternary ammoniums, while cT is in the 0.05-0.1 range for ethoxylated alcohols and phenols, with a tendency to increase with the ethoxylation degree and to decrease with increased temperature. The fact is that the effect of the temperature is several times stronger with non-ionics, hence a mixture insensitive to temperature should contain more ionic than non-ionic, so that the effects could cancel out [60-62]. 

The content of substances which influence the suitability of water for public supply are limited. These include total evaporation residue, total iron, manganese, copper, zinc, magnesium sulphate and sodium sulphate, sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate. 

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