Are Synthetic Soaps

One of the most common sulfate detergents is sodium lauryl sulfate, a main ingredient of many toothpastes. A common sulfonate detergent is sodium dode-cyl benzenesulfonate, also known as a linear alkylsulfonate, or LAS. You ll often find this compound in dishwashing liquids. Both these detergents are biodegradable, which means microorganisms can break down the molecules once they are released into the environment. 

Hard water causes calcium and magnesium compounds to build up on the inner surfaces of water pipes, especially those used to carry hot water. 

What type of attractions hold soap or detergent molecules to grime  

Was this your answer If you haven t yet formulated an answer, why not back up and reread the question You ve got only four choices ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced dipole, and induced dipole-induced dipole. The answer is induced dipole-induced dipole attractions, because the interaction is between two nonpolar entities—the grime and the nonpolar tail of a soap or detergent molecule. 

HARD WATER MAKES SOAP LESS EFFECTIVE 

The answer is induced dipole-induced dipole attractions, because the interaction is between two nonpolar entities— the grime and the nonpolar tail of a soap or detergent molecLile. 

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Similar micellar species are formed from detergents, which are synthetic soaps. One of the most common synthetic soaps is a long-chain sulfonic acid salt (Fig. 17.65). Because detergents are industrially synthesized, they haven t always been biodegradable. Perhaps not surprisingly, the key to chemists finding an... 

Sodium alcohol sulfates are also used in the formulation of synthetic soaps and paste hand cleaners, commonly together with other surfactants and as tablet disintegrators in the case of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Sodium, but preferably ammonium and alkanolamine salts, is also used in liquid soaps. 

Clothes, foods, medicines, gasoline, refrigerants, and soaps are composed almost solely of organie molecules. Some, like cotton, wool, or silk are naturally occurring that is, they can be isolated directly from natural sources. Others, such as nylon and polyester, are synthetic, meaning they are produced by chemists in the laboratory. By studying the principles and coneepts of organic chemistry, you can learn more about compounds such as these and how they affect the world around you. 

The formation of soap scum in hard water led to a search for synthetic materials that would have the cleansing properties of soap, but would not form scum when they encountered calcium and magnesium ions. The synthetic soaps that were developed, known as detergents, are salts of benzene sulfonic acids. Calcium and magnesium sulfonate salts do not form aggregates. Detergent comes from the Latin detergere,... 

Water content is adjusted to the total surfactant concentration of 30-42 % wt. The residual sulphite in the product may be oxidised to sulphate. The sulphonation proceeds also well when using partially hydrated crystalline sodium sulphite in a jacketed shear-stress reactor. This process modification is especially appropriate for manufacturing concentrated sulphosuccinate monoesters as flakes or vermicelli (often with plasticisers and fillers added in situ) suitable in mild synthetic soap bars [78]. The Cn-ig alcohols (I), ethoxylated (x2-4 mole EO) alcohols (II), and fatty monoethanolamides (III) esters of sulphosuccinic acid, mainly as sodium and alkanolamine salts, are of most practical importance as very mild high-foaming surfactants useful for personal care products and in wool, fur, and leather treatment. Very mild disodium PEG-5 laurylcitrate sulphosuccinate (in combination with sodium lauryl ethersulphate) serve for cosmetics produced by Witco as "Rewopol SB CS 50". 

Nonsoap detergent bars do not contain soaps. They are synthetic detergents made from petroleum derivatives (Table 6.3) [1-3]. 

Colloidal Gases. Fluid foams are commonplace in foods, shaving cream, fire-fighting foam, mineral flotation, and detergents (10,92-95). Thus, in view of the fact that the concentration of bubbles greatly affects the properties of foams, the production, dispersion, and maintenance of colloidal gas bubbles are basic to foams and related materials. Often, natimal and synthetic soaps and surfactants... 

The presence of calcium or magnesium bicarbonate in water is called temporary hardness and requires the use of excess soap to precipitate the free Ca and Mg + before the soap can work. Detergents are synthetic ionic compounds, for example, sodium salts of sulfraiic acids,... 

There are many liquids that are capable of forming bubbles and films which are not soaps or synthetic detergents. They do not have the molecular surface structure of soap films which results from the adsorption of the soap ions into the surface of the solution. Examples of such liquids are plastic solutions. 

Detergents are substances including soaps that cleanse by micellar action A large number of synthetic detergents are known One example is sodium lauryl sulfate Sodium lauryl sulfate has a long hydrocarbon chain terminating m a polar sulfate ion and forms soap like micelles m water... 

Detergents are designed to be effective in hard water meaning water containing calcium salts that form insoluble calcium carboxylates with soaps These precipitates rob the soap of Its cleansing power and form an unpleasant scum The calcium salts of synthetic deter gents such as sodium lauryl sulfate however are soluble and retain their micelle forming ability even m hard water... 

Detergents (Section 19 5) Substances that clean by micellar action Although the term usually refers to a synthetic de tergent soaps are also detergents... 

Static mixers are used ia the chemical iadustries for plastics and synthetic fibers, eg, continuous polymeri2ation, homogeni2ation of melts, and blending of additives ia extmders food manufacture, eg, oils, juices, beverages, milk, sauces, emulsifications, and heat transfer cosmetics, eg, shampoos, hquid soaps, cleaning Hquids, and creams petrochemicals, eg, fuels and greases environmental control, eg, effluent aeration, flue gas/air mixing, and pH control and paints, etc. 

Emulsifiers are incorporated in oil and synthetic mud formulations to maintain a stable emulsion of the internal brine phase. These materials include calcium and magnesium soaps of fatty acids and polyamines and amides and their mixtures (123,127). The specific chemistry of these additives depends on the nature of the continuous phase of the mud, ie, whether diesel oil, mineral oil, or a synthetic Hquid. Lime is added along with the fatty acid to form the... 

A classification by chemical type is given ia Table 1. It does not attempt to be either rigorous or complete. Clearly, some materials could appear ia more than one of these classifications, eg, polyethylene waxes [9002-88 ] can be classified ia both synthetic waxes and polyolefins, and fiuorosihcones ia sihcones and fiuoropolymers. The broad classes of release materials available are given ia the chemical class column, the principal types ia the chemical subdivision column, and one or two important selections ia the specific examples column. Many commercial products are difficult to place ia any classification scheme. Some are of proprietary composition and many are mixtures. For example, metallic soaps are often used ia combination with hydrocarbon waxes to produce finely dispersed suspensions. Many products also contain formulating aids such as solvents, emulsifiers, and biocides. 

Although soaps have many physical properties in common with the broader class of surfactants, they also have several distinguishing factors. First, soaps are most often derived direcdy from natural sources of fats and oils (see Fats and fatty oils). Fats and oils are triglycerides, ie, molecules comprised of a glycerol backbone and three ester-linked fatty oils. Other synthetic surfactants may use fats and oils or petrochemicals as initial building blocks, but generally require additional chemical manipulations such as sulfonation, esterification, sulfation, and amidation. 

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