Estuary hydrocarbons

Kayal, S.I., Connell, D.W. (1990) Partitioning of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons between surface sediments and the water column in the Brisbane River estuary. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 41, 443-456. 

Luo X-J, Chen S-J, Mai B-X, Yang Q-S, Sheng G-Y, Fu J-M (2006) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent coastal areas, China. Environ Pollut 139(1) 9—20... 

Kayal, S. and D.W. Connell. 1995. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biota from the Brisbane River estuary, Australia. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. 40 475-493... 

Mix, M.C. 1982. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cellular Proliferative Disorders in Bivalve Molluscs from Oregon Estuaries. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/4-82-026. 49 pp. 

Varanasi, U., W.L. Reichert, J.E. Stein, D.W. Brown, and H.R. Sanborn. 1985. Bioavailability and biotransformation of aromatic hydrocarbons in benthic organisms exposed to sediment from an urban estuary. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19 836-841. 

Evaluation of Methods for the Determination of Fluoride in Water Samples. 2 Analysis of a Competitive Product. 3 The Assessment of the Heavy Metal Pollution in a River Estuary. 4 The Analysis of Hydrocarbon Products in a Catalytic Reforming Study. 

Readman et al. [70] used flame ionization capillary gas chromatography to determine polyaromatic hydrocarbons in extracts of rivers Mersey, Dee and Tamar estuary sediments. 

Japenga et al. [56] determined polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated insecticides in River Elbe estuary sediments by a procedure in which the sediments were pretreated with acetic acid, mixed with silica and Soxhlet-extracted with benzene/hexane. Humic material and elemental sulphur were removed by passing the extract through a chromatographic column containing basic alumina, on which sodium sulphite and sodium hydroxide were adsorbed. Silica fractionation was followed by gas chromatography to analyse chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Recovery experiments with standard solutions gave recoveries of 90-102%. 

The first scientists to investigate the coastal atmospheric presence of APs were Van Ry and Dachs, in a study conducted in the Hudson river estuary. GC-MS analyses showed that atmospheric NP isomer mixtures have a similar composition to technical mixtures, with relatively high total concentrations in the range of 0.0002—0.069 xg m-3 in the gas phase, and 0.0001-0.051 p,gm-3 in the aerosol phase. These concentrations are higher than those of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and up to two orders of magnitude higher than polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations in impacted urban-industrial areas [32]. 

Particular attention has been focused on the toxic effects of aromatic hydrocarbons because these chemicals have proven highly carcinogenic to humans and marine life. Of greatest concern are the PAHs, which are toxic to the benthos at the ppb level. The most common compounds are shown in Figure 28.20 their structures are based on fused aromatic rings. These high-molecular-weight compoimds are very nonpolar and, hence, have low solubilities. Once in seawater, they tend to adsorb onto particles and become incorporated in the sediments. The toxicity of PAHs is enhanced by photochemical reaction with UV radiation. Photo-activated toxicity is especially problematic in shallow-water sediments, such as found in estuaries. 

Bopp, R.F., Simpson, H.J., Olsen, C.R., Trier, R.M., andKostyk, N. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and radionuclide chronologies in sediments of the Hudson River and estuary, New York, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 16(10) 666-676,1982. 

Microorganisms readily able to degrade hydrocarbons were found in the Neuse River estuary in North Carolina. Although the estuary was relatively free of hydrocarbon contamination, 63% of the bacteria and 71% of the fungi isolated from surface water samples were able to utilize kerosene as the sole carbon source (Buckley et al. 1976). Weathered kerosene (volatile components were allowed to escape prior to testing) was spiked with four marker hydrocarbons, and the degradation of the markers was monitored. 

Ruddock, P.J., Bird, D.J., McCalley, D.V. (2002). Bile metabolites of polycyclic hydrocarbons in three species of flsh from the Severn estuary. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 51 97-105. 

Various workers have assembled relatively complete assessments of the annual input of the major biological nutrients (C, N, P), certain heavy metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Cu), and petroleum hydrocarbons to Narragansett Bay. Other studies have developed inventories of the amounts of these materials in the sediments of the Bay. We have brought these data together with information on sediment accumulation rates in the Bay to determine the degree to which this one estuary serves as a sink for different types of materials in their passage between land and the coastal ocean. 

The situation with regard to petroleum hydrocarbons is such that there do not appear to have been any other published attempts to develop an annual mass balance for an estuary. 

Olsen, S., Pilson, M.E.Q., Oviatt, C.A. and Gearing, 3.N., 1982. Ecological consequences of low, sustained concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in temperate estuaries. MERL, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 30 pp. 

Budzinski, H., Jones, I., Bellocq, J., Pierard, C., Garrigues, P., 1997. Evaluation of sediment contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Gironde estuary. Mar. Chem. 58, 85-97. 

Bouloubassi, I., Fillaus, J., Saliot, A., 2001. Hydrocarbons in surface Sediments from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea. Marine Pollut. Bull. 42(12), 1335-1346. 

Liu, M., Baugh, P.J., Hutchinson, S.M., Yu, L., Xu, S., 2000. Historical record and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in core sediments from the Yangtze Estuary, China. Environ. Pollut. 110, 357-365. 

Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tsutsumi, S., Ohno, K., Yamada, J., Kouno, E., Kumata, H., 2002. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rivers and estuaries in Malaysia A widespread input of petrogenic PAHs. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36, 1907-1918. 

Zhang, Z.L., Hong, H.S., Zhou, J.L., Yu, G., 2004b. Phase association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Minjiang River Estuary, China. Sci. Total Environ. 323, 71-86. 

Chen, S.-J., Luo, X.-J., Mai, B.-X., Sheng, G.-Y., Fu, J.-M., Zeng, E.Y., 2006a. Distribution and mass inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in sediments of the Pearl River estuary and the northern South China Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 709-714. 

Zhou, J.L., Fileman, T.W., Evans, S., Donkin, P., Mantoura, R.F.C., Rowland, S.J., 1996. Seasonal distribution of dissolved pesticides and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the Humber Estuary and Humber coastal zone. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32, 599-608. 

The solubility of mineral salts may be enhanced with the formation of ion pairs, a salting-in effect, requiring the inclusion of ion speciation effects. Conversely, there is commonly a salting-out effect of dissolved constituents across a salinity gradient. This can be particularly important when examining more hydrophobic organic compounds (HOC), such as aromatic hydrocarbons in estuaries. 

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