Isolation from fungi

Mtinzinger M, Taraz K, Budzikiewicz H, Drechsel H, Heymann P, Winkelmann G, Meyer JM (1999). S,S-Rhizoferrin (enantio-rhizoferrin) a Siderophore of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) pickettii DSM 6297 - the Optical Antipode of R,R-Rhizoferrin Isolated from Fungi. BioMetals 12 189... 

Zervamicin IIA, a hexadecapeptide antibiotic isolated from fungi, forms ion channels in phospholipid bilayers. When it was spin-labelled at the C-terminal end with tempamine, PELDOR measurements in glassy toluene methanol gave average distances between the spin labels in the aggregates of 25-35 A, depending on solvent composition, which indicated that the peptides oriented in anti-parallel fashion.51... 

Scheme 2. Proposed biogenetic pathway for podoactones isolated from fungi.

T ine structural studies on woody cell walls attacked by ectoenzymes of fungi in situ are numerous (cf. 1,2). In contrast, investigations on the selective degradation of cell walls by enzymes isolated from fungi are few. Jutte and Wardrop (3) attempted the use of crude commercial cellu-lase preparations to determine the degradation pattern of Valonia cellulose and beechwood fibers. Similar use of commercial preparations of enzymes was made by Reis and Roland (4) to evaluate the nature of diverse cell walls and to show the distribution of polysaccharides. An endo-/ -l,4-xylanase with specific xylanolytic activities was isolated from a commercial cellulase preparation using chromatographic methods and... 

As a class, antibiotics originate largely from natural products isolated from fungi or other bacteria. Consistent with the diversity of bacteria, antibiotics have a broad range of structures and are divided into numerous subclasses. Each division has strengths and weaknesses against various bacteria. Proper treatment of an infection often requires identification of the invading bacteria. 

Absinthin, the active principle of wormwood, Artemisia absinthium L. (Compositae), is a dimeric guaianolide containing two lactone rings and two hydroxy groups per molecule.162 Thelephoric acid (76b), isolated from fungi of several Thelephora species, has been synthesized by oxidative condensation of two molecules of sodium 3,4-dimethoxy-phenoxide with one of chloranil in the presence of hydrobromic acid.162a... 

Eremoohllanes. Many eremophilanes have been Isolated from fungi. 

Cyclosporine is an endecapeptide isolated from fungi. It is an immunosuppressive used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. Studies have been carried out to investigate the effectiveness of inhalation of this compound in patients receiving lung transplants. Very rapid peak plasma levels were observed followed by a slow phase but the interpretation of this behavior is compromised by the low aqueous solubility of this compound. ... 

Several kinds of j8-carboline derivatives have been isolated from fungi since the first isolation of canthin-6-one alkaloids from this toadstool. 

Many antibacterial agents (antibiotics) have been isolated from fungi. Antibiotics are used both clinically and as reagents for unraveling the details of protein, RNA, and DNA synthesis. 

E.J. Trione, C.M. Leach, J.T. Mutch (1966). Sporogenic substances isolated from fungi. Nature, 212, 163-164. 

Numerous quinones that are biosynthesized by the polyketide pathway have been isolated from fungi. The colour of the quinone that is isolated does not always reflect the colour of the fungus. This may be because the quinone is accompanied by its reduction products, forming a quinhydrone complex. 

It is also possible to use toxins isolated from fungi. The cyclic tetrapeptide, tentoxin, from Alternaria species causes severe chlorosis in many problem weeds without... 

Macrolide-producing organisms are classified as shown in Table 11. Actino-mycetes produce the largest number of macrolides (more than 800). Myxobacte-ria produce about 100 macrolides, and the other bacteria produce about only 40 macrolides. A rather large number of macrolides have been isolated from fungi (about 200). Lichens produce only three compounds. About 70 macrolides have been isolated from algae. Though plants produce about 700 macrocyclic lactone compounds, most of them are tannins or alkaloids such as pyrrolizidines. So they... 

Dimeric hydroxyanthracenones have been isolated from Cassia sp and the fungi Dermocibes sp and Cortinarius sp by other researchers. Although there are many papers describing different types of pigments isolated from fungi, such descriptions have been for taxonomic aims and not for investigating their biological activity. 

The central ring (777) of elaiophylin, a macrodiolide antibiotic isolated from fungi, is synthesized from (iS)-malic acid via triol 767 as shown in Scheme 111 [167]. Since the ring is C2-symmetric, only half the molecule need be prepared. 

Acetal 1010 has also been used in the synthesis of (— )-swainsonine (1024), a naturally occurring trihydroxyindolizidine alkaloid isolated from fungi and plants (Scheme 151) [219]. 

Numerous metabolites possessing a bisindolylbenzoquinone moiety have been isolated from fungi in the 1980s. Among them, only metabolites of asterri-quinone group were found in Aspergillus species. Other metabolites, such as cochliodinol (102), isocochliodinol (103), and neocochliodinol (104), have been isolated from several species of Chaetomium (181,182), and hinnuliquinone... 

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