Sulfosuccinates

Fig. n-21. Surface tension as a function of age for 0.05 g/100 cm of sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate solution determined with various types of jet orifices [109]. 

Results can sometimes be unexpected. The first study of this type made use of labeled Aerosol OTN [111], an anionic surfactant, also known as di-n-octylsodium sulfosuccinate. The measured F was twice that in Eq. III-93 and it was realized that hydrolysis had occurred, that is, X + H2O = HX + OH , and that it was the undissociated acid HX that was surface-active. Since pH was essentially constant, the activity of HX was just proportional to C. A similar behavior was found for aqueous sodium stearate [112]. 

See also Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.) [PHTHALIC ACID AND OTTiERBENZENEPOLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS] (Vol 18) Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate... 

Docusate Calcium. Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate [128-49-4] (calcium salt of l,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester butanedioic acid) (11) is a white amorphous soHd having the characteristic odor of octyl alcohol. It is very slightly soluble in water, and very soluble in alcohol, polyethylene glycol 400, and com oil. It may be prepared directly from dioctyl sodium sulfo succinate dissolved in 2-propanol, by reaction with a methan olic solution of calcium chloride. 

A.lkyl Sulfosuccinate Half Asters. These detergents are prepared by reaction of maleic anhydride and a primary fatty alcohol, followed by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite. A typical member of this group is disodium lauryl sulfosucciaate [26838-05-1]. Although not known as effective foamers, these surfactants can boost foams and act as stabilizers when used ia combination with other anionic surfactants. In combination with alkyl sulfates, they are said to reduce the irritation effects of the latter (6). 

Baby Shampoos. These shampoos, specifically marketed for small children, feature a non-eye stinging quaHty. The majority of the products in this category are based on an amphoteric detergent system a system combining the use of an imidazoline amphoteric with an ethoxylated nonionic surfactant has been successfiiUy marketed (15,16). The sulfosuccinates also have been suggested for baby shampoo preparation because of thek mildness... 

Alkenylsuccinic anhydrides made from several linear alpha olefins are used in paper sizing, detergents, and other uses. Sulfosuccinic acid esters serve as surface active agents. Alkyd resins (qv) are used as surface coatings. Chlorendric anhydride [115-27-5] is used as a flame resistant component (see Flame retardants). Tetrahydrophthalic acid [88-98-2] and hexahydrophthalic anhydride [85-42-7] have specialty resin appHcations. Gas barrier films made by grafting maleic anhydride to polypropylene [25085-53-4] film are used in food packaging (qv). Poly(maleic anhydride) [24937-72-2] is used as a scale preventer and corrosion inhibitor (see Corrosion and corrosion control). Maleic anhydride forms copolymers with ethylene glycol methyl vinyl ethers which are partially esterified for biomedical and pharmaceutical uses (189) (see Pharmaceuticals). 

Specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants make up a rather large portion of surfactant production in the United States. Approximately 136,000 metric tons of specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants were produced in 1992, which included alpha-olefin sulfonates, sulfobetaines, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates (64). These materials found use in the areas of household cleaning products, cosmetics (qv), toiletries, emulsion polymerization, and agricultural chemical manufacture. 

LialkylSulfosuccinates. Introduced in 1939 by the American Cyanamid Company under the Aerosol trademark, dialkyl sulfosuccinates have become widely used specialty surfactants (Table 8) (9). Within the limitations in hydrolytic stabiUty imposed by the presence of the ester groups, sulfosuccinates are mild, versatile surfactants used when strong wetting, detergency, rewetting, penetration, and solubilization effectiveness is needed. 

Table 8. Dialkyl Sulfosuccinates, R00CCH2CH(S02Na)C00R...

Sodium di(ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (Aerosol-OT) [577-11-7] M 444.6. Dissolved in MeOH and inorganic salts which ppted were filtered off. Water was added and the solution was extracted several times with hexane. The residue was evaporated to one fifth its original volume, benzene was added and azeotropic distillation was continued until no water remained. Solvent was then evaporated. The white solid was crushed and dried in vacuum over P2O5 for 48h [El Seoud and Fendler J Chem Soc, Faraday Trans I 71 452 /9751. 

Chemical Designations - Synonyms Aerosol Surfactant Alrowet D65 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)sodlum Sulfosuccinate Di(2-ethylhexyl)Sulfosuccinate, Sodium Salt Sodium Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Chemical Formula C8H,700CCH2CH-(S03Na)C00C8H,7. 

Detection and result The chromatogram was dried for 5 min in a stream of warm air, immersed in the reagent for 4 s and then heated to 110 C for 8 min. After cooling to room temperature it was immersed for 2 s in a 20% solution of dioctyl-sulfosuccinate in chloroform. 

Chemical Name Sulfobutanedioio acid 1,4-bis(2-ethy hexyl)ester calcium salt Common Name Dioctyl calcium sulfosuccinate Structural Formula ... 

Dimethyl sulfoxide 1 -Dimethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-pyrimidine Pyrantel pamoate 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid Diatrizoate sodium Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate Docusate calcium... 

Testing is undertaken by several methods, including chloroform extraction and use of a sulfonphthalein dye (absorbance of yellow-colored complex using bromophenol blue and bromocresol green) or the use of eosin (sodium tetrabromofluorescein) solution in acetone and tetrachloroethane solvent. After shaking with a citric acid buffer and eosin addition, upon standing the lower layer turns pink if filmer is present. Subsequent titration with Manoxol OT (sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate) quantifies the filmer, with loss of the pink color indicating the end point. 

For the manufacturing of sulfosuccinic acid esters, which belong to a special class of surfactants, maleic acid anhydride is needed. Maleic acid anhydride is an important intermediate chemical of the chemical industry. Its worldwide output amounts to about 800,000 tons (1990) [64]. Maleic acid is produced by catalytic vapor phase oxidation process of benzene or n-C4 hydrocarbons in fixed bed or fluidized bed reactors according the following reaction equations. The heat of reaction of the exothermic oxidation processes is very high. 

Sulfosuccinic acid monoalkyltrioxyethylene ester disodium salt 2-3 2-5... 

LDL compositions containing AOS, a sulfosuccinic acid ester, a zwitterionic and a nonionic surfactant have been described by Noguera et al. [76]. Such compositions have good cleaning and foaming power and are useful too for shampoo and laundry-cleaning purposes. 

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