Erythema test

It is of interest that later work indicates that 5-aminosalicylic acid itself has an affinity for connective tissue " . It is nevertheless difficult to conceive that 5-aminosalicylic acid could be effective, even if it does concentrate in connective tissue, since there is no experimental evidence that this compound has anti-inflammatory activity. We have ourselves found it to be inactive in the ultra-violet erythema test in guinea-pigs. 

Isobutylphenylacetic acid (ibufenac, Dytransin), / -Mc2-GH GHg GgH4 GHj GO OH, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities 2-4 times those of acetylsalicylic acid measured by an ultra-violet erythema test and by the method of Randall and Sellito, and antipyretic properties 4 times those of acetylsalicylic acid. In a dose of 960 mg it is effective in delaying the development of ihurfyl nicotinate erythema in man . 

Remberg, R, Bjork, E., Hedner, T., Sterner, 0. 2004. Characteristics, clinical effect pro le and tolerability of a nasal spray preparation of Artemisia abrotanum L. for allergic rhinitis. Ph tomedicim 11 36-42. Reuter, J., Huyke, C., Casetti, R, Theek, C., Erank, U., Augustin, M., Schempp, C. 2008. Anti-in ammatory potential of a lipolotion containing coriander oil in the ultraviolet erythema test. J. German Soc. Dermatol. 6(10) 847-851. 

I.C.I. 54,450), The agent appears to have potency similar to phenylbutazone in acute screens and is more potent in chronic tests. The related compound (ll) (Wy 21,743) is active in the anti-carrageenin and granuloma pouch screens and la claimed to be non ulcerogenic. Activity in the U.V. erythema test has been reported for the acids (ill), (iv), and (v). ... 

Reuter, J., Jocher, A., Stump, J., Grossjohann, B., Franke, G. and Schempp, C. 2008. Investigation of the anti-iirflammatory potential of Aloe vera gel (97.5%) in the ultraviolet erythema test. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, 21 (2), pp. 106—110. 

Erythema test Redness lasts Redness fades quickly or blanching occurs (Red reflex)... 

The skin should be inspected for any signs of trauma or surgical scars. Skin lesions should be noted. The erythema test and skin drag test can be performed as possible indicators of somatic dysfunction. 

Palpation is best performed with the patient prone on a table and the physician standing at the side of the table facing the patient. The erythema test may be performed at this time, as may the skin drag test. When these tests are positive they are indicators or somatic dysfunction as explained in Chapter 8. 

The SPE is defined as the ratio of the time required to produce a perceptible erythema on a site protected by a specified dose of the uv protectant product to the time required for minimal erythema development in the unprotected skin. An SPE of 8 indicates that the product allows a subject to expose the protected skin 8 times as long as the unprotected skin to produce the minimum erythema response. The measurement can be quite subjective unless skin color and the history of reactions to sun exposure of the test subjects are taken into account. The MED range for Caucasians at 300 nm averages 34 mj/cm. The range is 14—80 mj/cm. Perspiration or the use of artificial irradiation devices can create additional problems. 

Impaired wound healing, thin fragile skin, petechiae, ecchymoses, erythema, increased sweating, suppression of skin test reactions, subcutaneous fat atrophy purpura, striae, hyperpig mentation, hirsutism, acneiform eruptions, urticaria, angioneurotic edema... 

Undiluted RCM with an iodine concentration of 300-320 mg/ml. If the patient notices a positive reaction (pruritus, erythema) at the skin test site at other time points, additional readings may be performed (e.g. after 24 or 96 h). ... 

Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids. Repeated application of a patch treated with 0.2 pL of Skydrol 500B-4 for 5 weeks (3 times/week) resulted in mild cumulative erythema confined to the contact site in 14 of 53 human test subjects, beginning with the third dose during the first week. No evidence of immediate primary dermal irritation was observed (Monsanto 1980). 

Pruritus, jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomata, hyperpigmentation Gynecomastia, reduced libido Ascites, edema, pleural effusion, and respiratory difficulties Malaise, anorexia, and weight loss Encephalopathy Laboratory tests Hypoalbuminemia Elevated prothrombin time Thrombocytopenia Elevated alkaline phosphatase... 

Dermatologic findings with erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, or aphthous ulceration Laboratory tests... 

Urticaria following internal exposure to nickel has been reported [418] the urticaria might be due to mechanisms other than delayed hypersensitivity. Precipitating antibodies against nickel sulphate bound to human albumin was found in some patients with widespread erythema after oral challenge. Moreover, patients with immediate patch test reactions to nickel and chronic urticaria have been reported [419]. 

Dermal Effects. Dermal effects have been observed in humans following exposure to -hexane. /7-Hcxanc was 1 of 11 solvents tested for dermal toxicity in a male volunteer (Wahlberg 1984). A slight transient erythema was observed after 10-20 minutes exposure to 1.5 mL -hexane and a stinging and/or burning sensation reported by the volunteer. Application of 0.1 mL neat -hexane did not cause clinical signs or affect blood flow. 

Observations are made of the test and control skin sites 1 h after removal of the patches (25 h post-initiation of application). Erythema and edema are evaluated and scored on the basis of designated values presented earlier in Table 11.1. 

Animals will be examined for signs of erythema and edema and the responses scored at 24,48, and 72 h after the initial test article application according to the Draize reaction grading system previously presented in this Chapter. 

Mannisto and coworkers (1984) have published a series of articles on the dermal toxicity of the anthralins in the minipig. In one experiment, 24 sites per minipig were used to assess the acute dermal irritation of various concentrations to four different chemicals per site. The range of concentrations tested permitted them to calculate the median erythema concentration and median irritation concentrations with relatively... 

Evaluation of erythema as a function of number of washes over several days. Testing has become more instrument dependent and quantitative. See Frosch for a review [16],... 

Ocular Effects. No studies were located regarding ocular effects in humans after exposure to 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine by any route. No adverse effects on the eye were noted when dichlorobenzidine (isomer unspecified, free base) was directly placed in the conjunctival sac of the eye of rabbits (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). However, 0.1 mL 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride (dihydro salt of 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine) in a 20% com oil suspension produced erythema, pus, and comeal opacity, giving a 76% score in the Draize test within an hour when placed in the conjunctival sac of the eye of the rabbit (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). Apparently, the irritant effects of hydrochloric acid Ifom the salt-compoimd contributed... 

Attention should be given to the occurrence of persisting irritating effects. Effects such as erythema, edema. Assuring, scaling, desquamation, hyperplasia, and opacity, which do not reverse within the test period may indicate that a substance will cause persistent damage to the human skin and eye. 

In the OECD test guideline for skin sensitization (OECD TG 406), the following definition is given Skin sensitization (allergic contact dermatitis) is an immunologically mediated cutaneous reaction to a substance. In the human, the responses may be characterized by pruritis, erythema, edema, papules, vesicles, bullae, or a combination of these. In other species, the reactions may differ and only erythema and edema may be seen. ... 

Primary irritant-contact dermatitis results from direct cytotoxicity produced on first contact. The cellular injury is characterised by two macro-scopically visible events a reddening of the skin (erythema) and accumulation of fluid (oedema). By observing or measuring these changes, one can estimate the extent of skin damage that has occurred. The most widely used single-exposure irritancy test is based on the Draize rabbit test. ... 

Application to the face as lotion for acne treatment in two persons caused facial erythema and edema patch tests with benzoyl peroxide were positive. In contact with the eyes it may produce irritation, and if allowed to... 

Persistent photosensitivity developed in eight men after occupational exposure to hot epoxy resin fiimes. The condition was limited to sites contacted by the resin. Small doses of ultraviolet-A light evoked abnormal reactions consisting of erythema, edema, and papules in the clinically involved skin. Positive photopatch tests were observed to epoxy resin in four subjects and to bisphenol A in all subjects. Another study showed that bisphenol A can be released during the thermal decomposition of epoxy resin in the temperature range of 250-350°C. Photosensitizing activity was explained by the formation of ftee radicals during exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation of bisphenol A vapor, to form a semiquinone derivative of bisphenol A ... 

On the skin, g-cymene may cause erythema, dryness, and defatting. However, 4% p-cymene in petroleum did not produce irritation in 25 humans after a 48-hour closed patch test or after 10 daily applications to the same spot on the backs of subjects. Undiluted g-cymene applied to rabbit skin for 24 hours under occlusion was moderately irritating. The LDso by skin absorption is greater than 5 g/% in rabbits. 

Positive patch tests have also been reported in hairdressers who used glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant. Presenting signs and symptoms included erythema with papules on the hands and face, dyspnea, and cough. ... 

Of 20 workers exposed to PCE, 13 had acute skin changes, including second-degree burns, vesicular rash, papules, and edema. In another study of 15 workers with PCE-induced dermatitis, there was erythema with papules and vesicles. Of these 15 workers, 8 reacted positively to patch tests. In addition to skin sensitization PGE can also cause crosssensitization with other glycidyl ethers. 

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