Equipment Models

Agitator Continuous Agitator—3-blade retreat impeller, helical ribbon, paddle, propeller, turbine 

Biotech Batch Autoclave, cell factory, diafilter, filter-depth, incubator, incubator-shaker, laminar flow hood, lyophilizer, microfilter, triblender, ultrafilter 

Centrifuge Batch Centrifuge, centrifuge—decanter, disk-stack, filter, horizontal basket, multichamber-bowl, tubular-bowl, vertical basket 

Diyer Batch Dryer, dryer— agitated pan, blender, conical, freeze, fluid bed, horizontal paddle, rotary, spray, tray 

Emission control Either Vapor emission vent 

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Develop via mathematical expressions a valid process or equipment model that relates the input-output variables of the process and associated coefficients. Include both equality and inequality constraints. Use well-known physical principles (mass balances, energy balances), empirical relations, implicit concepts, and external restrictions. Identify the independent and dependent variables (number of degrees of freedom). 

Many office equipment models consume some electricity when nominally off. This results in leaking or standby energy use. Usually this amounts to... 

Equipment information sheets summary Name and location of equipment Model and serial number of equipment Purchase order for equipment/contract numbers Number and location of SOPs Number and location of calibration procedure Number and location of maintenance procedure(s)a Materials that come in contact with the product Lubricants General comments Safety comments... 

The computer program for the material balance contains several parts. First, a description ofeach item of equipment in terms of the input and output flows and the stream conditions. Quite complicated mathematical models may be required in order to relate the input and output conditions (i.e. performance) of complex units. It is necessary to specify the order in which the equipment models will be solved, simple equipment such as mixers are dealt with initially. This is followed by the actual solution of the equations. The ordering may result in each equation having only one unknown and iteration becomes unnecessary. It may be necessary to solve sets of linear equations, or if the equations are non-linear a suitable algorithm applying some form of numerical iteration is required. 

Today s online model applications can sense conditions that indicate what equipment is in operation or out of service, and how equipment is configured ( lined up"). "Presolve" logic, based on measured data, automatically turns equipment models on and off and configures equipment model interconnections and values correctly. Posing the... 

ASPEN has been designed with the user in mind. Early in the project the advisory committee was involved with the staff in developing design criteria for the system. These design criteria set the premises for the ASPEN structures which included the executive system, the computational architecture, data for streams and equipment models, physical property monitors, and others. Some of these are discussed in condensed form below. 

For the data of streams and equipment models, ASPEN utilizes a plex data structure of the type proposed by Evans, et al. (3) Information is stored in blocks of contiguous locations known as beads. Beads of any length are created dynamically from a pool of free storage which may be thought of as a lengthy FORTRAN array. The combination of the preprocessor approach and the plex data structure has resulted in the absence of dimensional constraints on the system. There are no maximum numbers of streams, components, models, stages in a column, etc. except as limited by the total memory available. 

All ASPEN models allow solids to be in inlet streams. The user does not need to take special precautions. The solids are normally assumed to be non-distributing in the liquid and vapor phases. That is, the phase equilibria is unaffected by the solid phase. However, the system does allow for the case of solids distributing into other phases. Solids are taken into account in the energy balance around each equipment model. 

In summary, ASPEN has many features, discussed earlier in this paper, which qualify it as a third generation process simulator. A flexible executive system allows the user to have unlimited numbers of dimensions in streams, components, models and stages in equipment models. Solids may be handled in as many phases as desired. Arbitrary properties, called attributes, may be given to these phases and streams to allow handling properties such as particle size distributions. An engineer... 

Equipment Model Generic Specifies the functionality of generic equipment modules such as temperature control units (TCUs)... 

J.W. Carson, Equipment modeling and testing Bulk solids handling, Chem. Eng., 98-100 (August 2002). 

Although IPE contains over 250 equipment types, many processes require equipment that is not on the list of available project components. Also, in some cases the user will want to specify a certain make or model of equipment that may be available only in discrete sizes (for example, gas turbine engines or large pumps and compressors). In these situations, the nonstandard equipment can be included by setting up an Equipment Model Library (EML). Many companies maintain standard EMLs listing equipment that they often specify. 

Equipment model libraries are useful for completing an IPE model of a process that contains nonstandard items. Care must be taken to update the EML costs so that they remain current. 

The control equipment model is composed of three temperature transducers models and two control valves models, each model defined by... 

The control equipment model is completed by the pass balancing controller model and... 

Production of vitamin C Maximization of both net present value and productivity while optimizing (1) batch size, (2) no. of equipment units, (3) campaign costs, (4) floors-up indicator etc. Tabu search An abstract equipment model (namely, superequipment) that can perform any physicochemical batch operation is introduced and used in the smdy. Mosat el al. (2007)... 

Operational qualification (OQ) verifies that the instrument actually functions according to its manufacturer s specifications or, more specifically, within limits defined in the user s DQ. Testing procedures and acceptance criteria in OQ are often similar to those in system calibration shown in Table 9.3. In most laboratories, OQ testing is performed by a service specialist from the manufacturer, while subsequent performance qualification (PQ) and calibration are performed by an in-house metrologist or the user. An OQ protocol is often supplied by the manufacturer for a specific equipment model whereas a calibration protocol is a more generic procedure written for different manufacturers models, including older equipment with lower performance. 

All critical parameters, equipment models, capacity, and material must be checked and proved against approved construction and order specifications. 

Cutting equipment Model SS-4 guillotine strip cutter from AZCO Corp (Fairfield, NJ, USA). 

Barbosa-Canovas et al., 1987 Malave-Lopez et al., 1985 Yan and Barbosa-Canovas, 1997), and agglomerate strength (Adams et al., 1994). In particular, any agglomerate measurement will be affected by both the breakage properties of individual particles and the deformability of their assembly as a whole (Nuebel and Peleg, 1994). Equipment models used in different research projects are listed in Table I. 

The resulting suspension was stirred for 30 min and the solvent evaporated. The resulting powder was dried at 60°C under vacuum in a stove for 12 h. Eu(fod)3 and the sihca gel hybrid were mixed in stoichiometric amounts to produce samples with 1%, 5%, and 10% (m/m) of the adsorbed complex. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded on Shimadzu equipment, model XD3A, with nickel-filtered Cu ICx radiation (35 kV, 25 mA). 

Carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen elemental analyses were performed in a Perkin-Ehner microanalyzer. XRD powder diffraction analysis was performed with a Shimadzu XD-3A instrument (Cu Kot, 35 kV, 25 mA). The voltammetric measurements were performed on a BAS equipment, model CV-50W, in a 20 cm Pyrex glass cell with a modified electrode (work electrode), a platinum wire (auxihary electrode), and a Ag/AgCl electrode (reference electrode). As electrolyte, 0.1 mol dm KCl solution was used. 

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