Execution system

In Smalltalk/Envy, an executing system is made up of a series of packages (or applications ) loaded in a specific order, starting with the kernel, which defines all the primitives. Each package can extend existing classes and redefine specific methods. 

ASPEN has been designed with the user in mind. Early in the project the advisory committee was involved with the staff in developing design criteria for the system. These design criteria set the premises for the ASPEN structures which included the executive system, the computational architecture, data for streams and equipment models, physical property monitors, and others. Some of these are discussed in condensed form below. 

In summary, ASPEN has many features, discussed earlier in this paper, which qualify it as a third generation process simulator. A flexible executive system allows the user to have unlimited numbers of dimensions in streams, components, models and stages in equipment models. Solids may be handled in as many phases as desired. Arbitrary properties, called attributes, may be given to these phases and streams to allow handling properties such as particle size distributions. An engineer... 

The executive system can then solve the models in an appropriate sequence to converge the stream variables involved in a process recycle. Once these are converged, the executive can then use the RHSs to integrate simultaneously the differential equations for all the units in this recycle loop. 

Order execution consists of steps to process an order to achieve the final outcome. As noted earlier, this may involve a combination of an automated system, workstations, or manual operations. Management should include information services (IS) applications for all automated systems and workstations. Recording activities is necessary even with manual operations thus an IS application provides great benefit. An execution application should interface with other IS systems in compound management to handle job information and update progress in real time via a defined interfacing mechanism. However, the execution application should accurately perform the tasks independently, not as part of an inventory or order administration system to minimize the impacts of any execution system changes on the business process and the IS systems. 

Lai ZC, Moss MB, Killiany RJ, Rosene DL, Herndon JG (1995) Executive system dysfunction in the aged monkey spatial and object reversal learning. Neurobiol Aging 16 947-954... 

Moore TL, Killiany RJ, Herndon JG, Rosene DL, Moss MB (2006) Executive system dysfunction occurs as early as middle-age in the rhesus monkey. Neurobiol Aging 27 1484-1493... 

The decisions made by the computer concerning the pressure of the pump-flow rate dependence and of the flow rate of the fresh suspension, are controlled by the micro-device of the execution system (ES). It is important to observe that the majority of the input process variables are not easily and directly observable. As a consequence, a good technological knowledge is needed for this purpose. If we look attentively at the xj — X5 input process variables, we can see that their values present a random deviation from the mean values. Other variables such as pump exit pressure and flow rate (xg,X7) can be changed with time in accordance with technological considerations. 

Descriptive model and its division into parts. The first steps in the model construction are related to Fig. 3.7. The pump PA assures simultaneously the suspension transport and the necessary transmembrane pressure. The excessive accumulation of the solid in the retentate is controlled by its permanent removal as a concentrated suspension from the reservoir RZ. The clear liquid (permeate) flow rate and the solid concentration in the exit suspension are permanently measured and these values are transferred to the control and command computer CE. The instantaneous values of the operation pressure and input rate of fresh suspension are established by the computer (this works with software based on the mathematical model of the process) and corrected with the command execution system CSE. 

Systems such as Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) or Electronic Batch Record Systems (EBRS) that rely upon electronic identification of individuals should ensure that electronic identification/signatures are secure from abuse and falsification and that substitutes for handwritten signatures should nonetheless be as secure as conventional handwritten signatures. ... 

Case Study 10 Electronic Batch Recording Systems (Manufacturing Execution Systems)... 

The kind of information managed, whether it is sales data, electronic docnments, clinical trial data, or recipes for a manufacturing execution system, is fairly independent of the database type (althongh no one wonld build a flat file database for any of these). The choice of relational vs. hierarchical vs. network is primarily dependent on business needs. 

This section describes two examples of IT applications that require their supporting networks to be validated. The first example describes a Manufacturing Execution System (MLS) based on a LAN and the second example describes an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) application that uses a WAN. 

Data acquisition is provided by instrumentation. Chemometrics, on-line prediction, and reporting are typically supported by some kind of Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and/or Manufacturing Execution System (MES). This may be a COTS product or a custom development. Data Historian is likely to be a separate interfaced application. To support this and exchange of information with other systems an open systems approach should be adopted. 

Robert Fretz joined F. Hoffmann-Fa Roche more than 30 years ago as a chemical engineer. He is presently responsible for Process Automation in all chemical and galenical manufacturing sites and leads the corporate Mamrfacturing Execution systems program. Mr. Fretz has broad international experience in all levels of control/automation projects from instrumentation to the enterprise level. Many of these projects included computerized system validation. He co-authored the Hoffmann-Fa Roche corporate guideline on Process Automation Qualification. 

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