Calibration procedure

For accurate quantitative measurements the effect of the baseline may also need to be taken into account. Normally this only need be carried out when CTE measurements are being made. If the softening point only is required then baseline subtraction is unnecessary. Results of CTE measurements may also be compared to a standard, in a similar manner to specific heat measurements, but provided care is taken with calibration and that scan rates used are fairly low to avoid thermal lag, results obtained should be accurate. 

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Calibration procedure bases on rope specimens and corresponds to the Standard Pratice ASTM 1574. It takes a piece of the rope under test having a nominal metallic cross-section area (LMA=0) to set zero point of the instrument. Rope section with the LMA value known is used to set the second point of LMA calibration charactiristics. It is possible to use the air point calibration when there is no rope in a magnetic head (LMA=100%). 

In the following sections our approach to stereoradioscopy will be described in detail. At first, the camera model and the calibration procedure are introduced, in the second part, the calculation of 3D defect positions and the volume estimation procedure are explained. 

Two different types of calibration marks are used in our experiments, planar circles and circular balls. The accuracy of the calibration procedure depends on the accuracy of the feature detection algorithms used to detect the calibration marks in the images. To take this in account, a special feature detection procedure based on accurate ellipses fitting has been developed. Detected calibration marks are rejected, if the feature detection procedure indicates a low reliability. 

The project demonstrated that it is possible to measure and evaluate eccentricity of aluminum tubes at drawing velocities around 25 km per hour. Not all demands regarding small diameter tubes and thin walls were tested, and the calibration procedures were not finalized. Optimizing the system should make it possible to expand the limits... 

Comparative evaluation of international and national requirements both in the part of the volume and frequence of calibration procedures and examination of devices for ultrasonic and radiographic testing was accomplished. This review showed that procedures specified in national documents on testing and documents of EAL coincide very much. 

This calibration procedure, which must be demonstrated at the start of each working period (or 12-hour shift) ensures that all samples are analyzed with respect to a known reference point of the mass spectrometer. 

The evaluation of the various XRF measurements will be discussed for different effects in EDXRS the spectra evaluation is perfonned by different programs with varying assumptions, partially different mass attenuation coefficients are used, the calibration procedures are principally different (e.g., thin foils with given thickness, or, infinitely thick samples), measurement under atmospheric pressure or in vacuum, secondary excitation (enhancement) mainly of Al by Si radiation. 

Variety of instrumentation leads to complex maintenance and calibration procedure, e.g., different types, different manufacturer, and ages of instrumentation leading to problems in maintenance. 

The components of a quality assurance program are designed to serve the two functions just mentioned—control and assessment. Quality control operations are defined by operational procedures, specifications, calibration procedures, and standards and contain the following components ... 

Short- and long-term drift in the spectral output can be caused by several factors drift in the output of the infrared light source or of the electronics, aging of the beam splitter, and changes in the levels of contaminants (water, CO2, etc.) in the optical path. These problems are normally eliminated by rapid, routine calibration procedures. 

If there is reason to think that interfering substances may be present, it is advisable to sample them to determine whether their concentrations are sufficiently high to actually constitute an interference. It is very important to establish that an instrument responds properly to the substance it is designed to sample. This is generally done by calibration procedures with standard concentrations of the substance of interest. 

Constriction measurement devices constructed to standards do not necessarily require calibration. One idea of strict standardization is to define the manufacturing, tolerances, and other features in such a way that the instruments made according to these rules require no calibration. The properties are so well known that a certain accuracy can be guaranteed. If the accuracy specified in the standard is inadequate, additional calibration procedures are required. The same applies to Pitot-static tubes made according to standard specifications." ... 

The simplest calibration procedure for a gas flow-measuring device is to connect it in series with a reference meter and allow the same flow to pass th tough both instruments. This requires a reference instrument of better metrological quality than the calibrated instrument. One fact to consider when applying this method is that the mass flow rate in the system containing both instruments is constant (assuming no leakage), but the volume flow rate is not. The volume flow rate depends on the fluid density and the density depends on the pressure and the temperature. The correct way to calibrate is to compare either the measured mass... 

The standard requires you to define the calibration process rather than the calibration procedures. Calibration procedures will define how you control all calibration activities. The calibration process required only applies to the process of calibrating a particular device. This does not mean that you need to define the process of calibrating every device. The process of calibration may be ... 

Reference to the calibration procedure, its number, and issue status The condition of the device on receipt... 

Prepare calibration procedures or data sheets for each measuring device. 

Errors in instrumentation calibration have been reduced by 90 percent due to the elimination of multiple, outdated copies of calibration procedures/data sheets. An instrument mechanic can now get the current specification from a single, up-to-date source whenever a work order is received. The time wasted in searching multiple files has been eliminated. 

Alternatively, either the Elamielec or the integral broad standard calibration procedure can be used. For this approach, the broad standard would be initially analyzed using a calibration based on some convenient standard that may be quite dissimilar in chemistry from the standard. From that point forward, the system is calibrated with the secondary standard. Thus, changes that affect the sample will be compensated for in the calibration procedure. 

Hydrogen bromide Dibromoethane Dibromopropane Yield of dibromopropane is less than yield of dibromoethane, so an appropriate calibration procedure is required [13]. 

Note. The calibration procedure is, however, of limited accuracy and a more accurate result may be obtained using the method of standard addition (Section 9.4)... 

Remove the electrode assembly, rinse in distilled water, place in the first buffer solution and confirm that the correct pH reading is shown on the meter if not, repeat the calibration procedure. 

The extraction of water at room temperature as a procedure for the calibration of the Fischer method requires further verification, because the reagent is not specific for water. It would be desirable to compare this calibration procedure with another. In general, agreement in the results of two or more independent calibration procedures might be used as a criterion of the attainment of accuracy. 

Operational qualification involves performing a series of tests to check that all elements of the system are functional across the specified operating range. This usually involves performing challenges at the worst case extreme operating conditions. The process should allow confirmation of final operation, maintenance and calibration procedures. 

So far, we considered image deconvolution assuming that the PSF was perfectly known. In practice, this is rarely the case. For instance, when the PSF is measured by a calibration procedure, it is corrupted by some level of noise. Moreover, if the observing conditions change, the calibrated PSF can mismatch the actual PSF. It may even be the case that the PSF cannot be properly calibrated at all, because it is varying too rapidly, or because there is no time or no means to do such a calibration. What can we do to cope with that ... 

Rows 1-7, item Titr 0.5% subtracted typical of temporary change in the production process, calibration procedure, or analytical method, especially if values 1-7 were obtained in one production campaign or measurement run. 

Abramson, HA Moyer Gorin, MA, Electrophoresis of Proteins, Reinhold New York, 1942. Ackers, GK, A New Calibration Procedure for Gel Eiltration Columns, Journal of Biological Chemistry 242, 3237, 1967. 

Procedures should be established to periodically monitor all operations that may have an environmental impact, and similar scheduled periodic checks should be made to ensure that procedures and operations are still in line with regulatory and other requirements. If equipment is involved in the monitoring process then procedures should also be in place to ensure correct calibration. Procedures are also needed to record any preventative or corrective actions identified and to ensure that they are completed to schedule. The whole EMS should be audited periodically to check that it is consistent with the planned policy and has been properly implemented. The details of audits should be discussed and reviewed by management at the highest level with a view to continuous improvement through the modification of both policy and procedures. 

Two factors determine the intensity of the scattered beam the scattering cross section for the incident ion-target atom combination and the neutralization probability of the ion in its interaction with the solid. It is the latter quantity that makes LEIS surface sensitive 1 keV He ions have a neutralization probability of about 99 % on passing through one layer of substrate atoms. Hence, the majority of ions that reach the detector must have scattered off the outermost layer. At present, there is no simple theory to adequately describe the scattering cross section and the neutralization probability. However, satisfactory calibration procedures by use of reference samples exist. The fact that LEIS provides quantitative information on the... 

Equation 7 shows that linear calibration using bimodal colximns can be applied to simplify the SEC-In I calibration procedure as has been done for the SEC-MW calibration. The objective of this [n] calibration then is to determine E and E2 values of the SEC column set for the particular polymer-solvent system of interest. The approach is the same as that for SEC-MW calibration. The similarities between the and the [n] formulations are summarized in Table... 

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