Epithelial cadherin

Scheme 13.7 Solid-phase synthesis of a glycopeptide from the homophilic recognition domain of epithelial Cadherin 1 using the new coupling reagent PfPyU.

DIEA—diisopropylethylamine DMAP—4-dimethylaminopyridine DMBA—1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid DMDO—2,2-dimethyldioxirane E-CADI—epithelial Cadherin 1... 

Cadherins are calcium-dependent and establish molecular links between adjacent cells. They include neural cadherins (NC), epithelial cadherins (EC), placental cadherins (PC), protocadherins and desmosomal cadherins. Cadherins mediate homophilic interactions and form zipper-like structures at adherens junctions and... 

Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) has a molecular weight of 130 kDa and is found in PNS myelin. E-cadherin is a protein of the superfamily of calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that can usually form adherent junctions. This protein has an N-terminal extracellular domain, a short transmembrane domain and a C-terminal intracellular domain. 

Smith ME, Brown JI, Fisher C. Epithelioid sarcoma Presence of vascular-endothelial cadherin and lack of epithelial cadherin. Histopathology. 1998 33 425-431. 

Cadherins are a superfamily of Ca2+-sensitive cell-cell adhesion molecules, which cause homophilic cell interactions. Cadherins can be divided into different subfamilies, namely, classical cadherins, desmosomal cadherins, protocadherins, and nonconventional cadherins (7TM cadherins, T-cadherin, FAT). Classical cadherins are often denoted by a prefix reflecting their principal expression domains e.g., E is epithelial, N is neuronal, and P is placental. However, this classification is not stringent, as for instance E-cadherin can also be found in certain neuronal tissues, and N-cadherin is also found in epithelial cells. Among the desmosomal cadherins, two subfamilies can be distinguished the desmocollins 1-3 and the desmogleins 1-4. 

Classical and desmosomal cadherins are constituents of different types of intercellular junctions. E-cadherin, the classical cadherin of epithelial cells, is part of the adherens junction (zonula adherens), which is attached to a belt of actin via the catenins. As the name says, desmosomal cadherins are part of the desmosomes, which are rivet-like structures that make focal connections between cells. Desmosomes are characterized by a... 

Yet another family of junction adhesion molecules (JAMs) was recently located at the tight junctions of both endothelial and epithelial cells. The intracellular domain of JAM-1 also interacts with structural and signaling proteins, such as ZO-1 and cingulin. Lastly, the molecular organization of the endothelial cell junctions includes two other cell-cell contact Ca2+-dependent cadherin-catenin systems. These make up the adherens junction common to all endothelial cell junctions. 

Sansonetti PJ, Mounier J, Prevost MC, Mege RM Cadherin expression is required for the spread of Shigella flexneri between epithelial cells. Cell 1994 76 829-839. 

Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) are connected with each other by various epithelial cell-cell contacts (i.e., tight junctions, adherens junctions and others). These contacts comprise several groups of proteins, such as occludin, zonula occludens (ZO-1, -2, -3), claudins, tricellulin, E-cadherin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) [13-15], Their regulation and interplay, which has influence on epithelial barrier properties, however, is largely unknown to date. 

Evans SM, Blyth DI, Wong T, Sanjar S, West MR (2002) Decreased distribution of lung epithelial junction proteins after intratracheal antigen or lipopolysaccharide challenge correlation with neutrophil influx and levels of BALF sE-cadherin. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27(4) 446-454... 

Mengaud, J., Ohayon, H., Gounon, P., Mege, R.-M., and Cossart, P. (1996). E-cadherin is the receptor for intemalin, a surface protein required for entry of L. monocytogenes into epithelial cells. Cell 84, 923-932. 

E-cadherin expression. Smoke extract, on pig airway epithelial cells and mouse trachea, produced a decrease of E-cadherin expression on membrane and an increase of cytoplasmic expression at 12 and 24 hours after exposure. The expression at 24 hours was higher than at 12 hours k Electron transport inhibition. Acetonitrile extracts of cigarette tar inhibited stage three and four respiration of intact mitochondria. Exposure of respiring submito-chondrial particles to the acetonitrile extracts of cigarette tar results in a dose-dependent inhibition of oxygen consumption... 

Cadherins. Cadherins are a group of glycoproteins that facilitate Ca2+-dependent cell-cell adhesive interactions.20 When cadherin function is disrupted, the release of a tumor cell can result. It was shown that the aggressive metastasis of undifferentiated epithelial carcinoma cells that had lost cell-cell adhesion could be stopped by transfection with E-cad-herin cDNA.21 Therefore, it was suggested that E-cadherin suppresses metastasis,22 which was further supported by more recent studies that showed the loss of adhesion of human gastric, prostatic, and lung cancer cells was due to the gene mutation of a protein associated with the proper function of cadherin.23... 

Behrens, J., Vakaet, L., Friis, R., Winterhager, E., Van Roy, F., et al. 1993. Loss of epithelial differentiation and gain of invasiveness correlates with tyrosine phosphorylation of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex in cehs transformed with a temperature-sensitive v-SRC gene. J. Cell Biol. 120 757-766. 

Thus, external forces applied to the epidermis and/or internal forces present in dermis are transmitted through the cornified layer and lead to stretching of keratinocyte-keratinocyte cell junctions and the epidermal-dermal junction. These forces appear to be transmitted between epithelial cells via cadherins and may result in activation of secondary messengers which alter gene expression and protein synthesis. 

E-cadherin is unique in that it not only, like other cadherin family members, mediates homophilic adhesion to establish and maintain cellcell contacts, it also serves as a counter-receptor for integrins Oe/37 (Cepek et al, 1994) and (Whittard et al, 2002) in heterophilic adhesion. In fact, the interaction between E-cadherin on mucosal epithelial cells and Oe/S on intraepithelial lymphocytes has been the best characterized tissue-specific interaction for lymphocyte retention. Although structure of binding domains between E-cadherin and is not available, mutagenesis... 

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