Cell-cycle dependent

Product formation kinetics in mammalian cells has been studied extensively for hybridomas. Most monoclonal antibodies are produced at an enhanced rate during the Gq phase of the cell cycle (8—10). A model for antibody production based on this cell cycle dependence and traditional Monod kinetics for cell growth has been proposed (11). However, it is not clear if this cell cycle dependence carries over to recombinant CHO cells. In fact it has been reported that dihydrofolate reductase, the gene for which is co-amplified with the gene for the recombinant protein in CHO cells, synthesis is associated with the S phase of the cell cycle (12). Hence it is possible that the product formation kinetics in recombinant CHO cells is different from that of hybridomas. 

Antimetabolites may be further classified as inhibitors of pyrimidine, purine, or glutamine metaboHsm. The compounds are cell cycle dependent. 

Stiene-Martin A, Zhou R, Hauser KF (1998) Regional, developmental, and cell cycle-dependent differences in p, 6, and K-opioid receptor expression among cultured mouse astrocytes. Glia 22 249-259... 

Aksoy MO, Yang Y, Ji R, et al. CXCR3 Surface expression in human airway epithelial cells cell cycle dependence and effect on cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005 290(5) L909-918. 

Romagnani P, Annunziato F, Lasagni L, et al. Cell cycle-dependent expression of CXC chemokine receptor 3 by endothelial cells mediates angiostatic activity. J Clin Invest 2001 107(l) 53-63. 

Draetta, G., and Beach, D. (1988). Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement. Cell 54 17-24. 

Pines, J., and Hunter, T. (1991a). Human cyclins A and B1 are differentially located in the cell and undergo cell cycle-dependent nuclear transport. J. Cell Biol. 115 1-17. 

Cuthbertson KS, Whittingham DG, Cobbold PH 1981 Free Ca2+ increases in exponential phases during mouse oocyte activation. Nature 294 754—757 Day ML, Johnson MH, Cook DI 1998 A cytoplasmic cell cycle controls the activity of a K+ channel in pre-implantation mouse embryos. EMBO J 17 1952—1960 Flach G, Johnson MH, Braude PR, Taylor RA, Bolton VN 1982 The transition from maternal to embryonic control in the 2-cell mouse embryo. EMBO J 1 681-686 Howlett SK 1986 A set of proteins showing cell cycle-dependent modification in the early mouse embryo. Cell 45 387-396... 

Funabiki H, Hagan I, Uzawa S, Yanagida M 1993 Cell cycle-dependent specific positioning and clustering of centromeres and telomeres in fission yeast. J Cell Biol 121 961-976... 

Cell cycle-dependent cell fate choices... 

A mbros It could be a peculiarity of C. elegans. The animal is relatively simple and develops rapidly, so it must employ strategies to optimize developmental fidelity given its small number of cells and short time to develop. Cell cycle dependent cell fate commitment could be one strategy to achieve precision with limited cells to work with and limited developmental time. 

Ambros V 1999 Cell cycle-dependent sequencing of cell fate decisions in Caenorhabditis elegans vulva precursor cells. Development 126 1947—1956... 

Belmont LD, Hyman AA, Sawin KE, Mitchison TJ (1990) Real-time visualization of cell cycle-dependent changes in microtubule dynamics in cytoplasmic extracts. Cell 62 579-589... 

Methotrexate -antifolate antimetabolite cell cycle dependent -bone marrow suppression -nausea and vomiting—mild to moderate -mucocutaneous effects (mucositis, stomatitis, diarrhea) -hepatotoxicity—more common in high-dose therapy -CNS toxicity—dizziness, malaise, blurred vision, encephalopathy -nephrotoxicity—including acute renal failure, particularly at high doses... 

Brunner S, Sauer T, Carotta S, Cotten M, Saltik M, Wagner E (2000) Cell cycle dependence of gene transfer by lipoplex, polyplex and recombinant adenovirus. Gene Ther 7 401 107... 

Lee, T.C., K.C.C. Lee, C. Chang, and W.L. Jwo. 1986a. Cell-cycle dependence of the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of sodium arsenate in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Bull. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sinica 25 91-97. 

Several mechanisms have been shown to regulate the activity of the SCF complex. The expression of F-box proteins such as Skp2 is regulated by cell-cycle-dependent transcription [4]. The expression of Skp2 is high in late Gl, S, and G2/M phase but... 

Horber DH, et al. Cell cycle dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by N -hexadecyl-l-P-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, a new lipophilic derivative of 1-P-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine. Br J Cancer 1995 72 1076. 

Cattaneo-Pangrazzi RMC, et al. New amphiphilic heterodinucleoside phosphate dimers of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5FdUrd) cell cycle dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in PC-3 prostate tumor cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2000 60 1887. 

This enzyme is also known to be phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in a cell cycle-dependent fashion. Since only phosphorylated form of El is translocated to the nucleus despite the presence of the nuclear localization signal in the El sequence, it is conceivable that phosphorylation is an obligatory additional signal for nuclear localization. Evidence obtained by Stephen et shows that phosphorylation facilitates either transport to the nucleus or its retention in the nucleus. 

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