Molecular links

Andres R P ef a/1996 Self-assembly of a two-dimensional superlattice of molecularly linked metal clusters Science 273 1690... 

The acrylic compounds, maleimides, dimaleimides, and thiols are known as direct cross-hnk promoters, since they enter directly into the cross-linking reaction and become interconnecting molecular links [243]. 

Rebel I, Subramanian V, Kuno M, Kamat PV (2006) Quantum dot solar ceUs. Harvesting light energy with CdSe nanocrystals molecularly linked to mesoscopic HO2 films. J Am Chem Soc 128 2385-2393... 

Nesheim M., Wang W., Bofta M., et al. Thrombin, thrombomodulin and TAFI in the molecular link between coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 1997 78,386-91. 

This work revealed an unexpected molecular link between multiple system atrophy and Lewy body diseases. The main difference is that in multiple system atrophy most of the a-synuclein pathology is found in glial cells, whereas in Lewy body diseases most of the pathology is present in nerve cells. 

Inflammation and autoimmunity often are associated with the destruction of bone, but the molecular link between these two processes had long been unclear. The role of bone in the generation of immune system cells is evident since they are formed in the marrow housed within the bone however, the role of these cells on bone is not so clear. RANKL and RANK were described initially in activated T-cells and in dendritic cells, respectively, where they have functions in the regulation of cellular lifespan and immunomodulation (Anderson et al. 1997 Wong et al. 1997). Recently the term osteoimmunology has been coined to describe the link between the immune system and bone (Arron et a. 2000). Several data support this idea ... 

Skpl serves as an adaptor protein that provides a molecular link between Cull/ Rod and the F-box proteins [4, 5]. The Skpl protein contains two separate protein-interaction domains that are conserved among its family members between species [21]. The N-terminal region of Skpl (- l-70 a.a.) interacts with Cull while the C-terminal half (100-163 a.a.) binds the F-box proteins [21]. The use of Skpl as an adaptor to link the core ubiquitin E3 ligase components of Cull/Rocl with numerous and diverse substrate-targeting subunits, the F-box proteins, represents a strategy to specifically target many proteins for ubiquitination... 

Tauchi H, Matsuura S, Kobayashi J, Sakamoto S, Komatsu K (2002) Nijmegen breakage syndrome gene, NBSl, molecular links to factors for genome stability. Oncogene 21(58) 8967—8980 Taylor SS (1982) The in vitro phosphorylation of chromatin by die catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent... 

The correlation between histone acetylation and eukaryotic transcription were recognized many years ago [128,129]. However, it has not been until very recently, with the discovery that both HATs [130-133] and HDACs [134-138] are an integral part of the basal transcriptional machinery, that the molecular link for this correlation was established. This discovery has rekindled interest in this post-translational histone modification with implications ranging from basic chromatin research to applied medical investigations. Indeed, histone acetylation has been linked to cancer [139-144] and certain types of HDAC inhibitors are already being used to treat certain forms of cancer [145]. 

The past few years witnessed some important developments that established a molecular link between CpG methylation and the status of histone acetylation. It was shown that the methyl-binding protein MeCp2 contains a transcriptional repressor domain that interacts directly with the multiprotein corepressor complex mSin3A [84,86]. Antibodies against MeCP2 coprecipitated mSin3A, HDACl and HDAC2, and the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) relieved the repression. 

Bierhaus, A., Humpert, P. M., and Nawroth, P. P. (2004). NF-kappa as a molecular link between psychosocial stress and organ dysfunction. Pediatr. Nephrol. 19,1189-1191. 

We can use this same approach to prove that other molecular knots and links are topologically chiral. For example, consider the molecular link illustrated in Figure 18. This catenane was synthesized by Nierengarten et al. [12]. For this molecule the set T(G) consists of many unlinks together with many copies of the (4,2)-torus link, illustrated as L in Figure 12. However we saw earlier that this unoriented link is topologically chiral. Therefore, the molecular (4,2)-torus link is topologically chiral as well. 

Cadherins are calcium-dependent and establish molecular links between adjacent cells. They include neural cadherins (NC), epithelial cadherins (EC), placental cadherins (PC), protocadherins and desmosomal cadherins. Cadherins mediate homophilic interactions and form zipper-like structures at adherens junctions and... 

Cotgreave IA, Gerdes RG. 1998. Recent trends in glutathione biochemistry— glutathione-protein interactions A molecular link between oxidative stress and cell proliferation Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242 1-9. 

In tissues, microfibrils form loosely packed parallel bundles. X-ray fiber diffraction of hydrated zonular microfibril bundles identified one-third-staggered junctions that may modulate force transmission (Wess et al., 1998a), and quick-freeze deep-etch analysis of zonules has identified molecular links between microfibrils (Davis et al., 2002). 

Kaul D. Molecular link between cholesterol, cytokines and atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 2001 219 65-71. 

Szatkowski, M., and Attwell, D. (1994). Triggering and execution of neuronal death in brain ischaemia Two phases of glutamate release by different mechanisms. Trends Neurosci. 17, 359-365. Trotti, D., Danbolt, N. C., and Volterra, A. (1998). Glutamate transporters are oxidant-vulnerable A molecular link between oxidative and excitotoxic neurodegeneration Trends Pharmacol. Sri. 19, 328-334. 

This test separates proteins according to their molecular weight (Laemmli, 1970). Firstly, the sample is denatured in a detergent, which breaks the non-covalent intra- and inter-molecular links of the proteins, and then it is separated electrophoretically by a polyacrylamide gel. The electrophoretic separation must be performed under reduced and non-reduced conditions to determine the existence of impurities with the same molecular weight. 

Ghoshal N, Smiley JF, DeMaggio AJ, Hoekstra MF, Cochran EJ, et al. 1999. A new molecular link between the fibrillar and granulovacuolar lesions in Alzheimer s disease. Am J Pathol 155 1163-1172. 

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