Genes alteration

Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M, et al Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 9608-9613, 1998 Borron SW, Monier C, Risede P, et al Flunitrazepam variably alters morphine, bu-prenorphine, and methadone lethality in the rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 21 399-603, 2002... 

Tieman, D.M, Harriman,R.W, Ramamohan,G and Handa,A.K (1992) An antisense pectin methylesterase gene alters pectin chemistry and soluble solids in tomato fiuit. The Plant Cell. 4. 667-679. ... 

Friddle CJ et al. Expression profiling reveals distinct sets of genes altered during induction and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000 97 6745-6750. 

Lehmann et al.58 Microdissected CD68 (+) cell from liver section N/A Real time, for oncogenes with amplicon size of 150-300 bp It may provide a powerful tool to study gene alterations in FFPE tissue. 

PLB is a 52 amino acid protein associated with the SR. This was the first SR related gene-altered mouse model and has been intensively studied (Luo et al 1994). It is an ideal model to test the protein—function relation in that the function of PLB is modulatory and apparently not critical in the sense of not being lethal. The heterozygous null animals show no gross anatomical or functional alterations. There is considerable evidence on the biochemical level which shows that PLB is... 

The underlying assumption for interpretation of studies on gene-altered models is that only the protein of interest was modified. It is important to verify this, as... 

Kao J, Fortner CN, Liu LH, Shull GE, Paul RJ 1999 Ablation of the SERCA3 gene alters epithelium-dependent relaxation in mouse tracheal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 277 L264-L270... 

Nobe K, Sutliff RL, Kranias EG, Paul RJ 2001 Phospholamban regulation of bladder contractility evidence from gene-altered mouse models. J Physiol 535 867-878 Paul RJ 1998 The role of phospholamban and SERCA3 in regulation of smooth muscle-endothelial cell signalling mechanisms evidence from gene-ablated mice. Acta Physiol Scand 164 589—597... 

Nobe K, Sudiff RL, Kranias EG, Paul RJ 2001 Phospholamban regulation of bladder contractility evidence from gene-altered mouse models. J Physiol 535 867-878... 

In situ hybridization (ISH) consists of the application of hybridization techniques to intact cells which demonstrate genetic information within a morphologic context. This technology takes advantage of the hybridization properties of nucleic acids and offers a distinct technique to directly analyze sequence information in intact tissues. In essence, it combines cytogenetic techniques with molecular biology to probe gene alterations at molecular levels. Development of... 

Keon RG, Fu R, Voordouw G. 1997. Deletion of two downstream genes alters expression of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris subsp. vulgaris Hildenborough. Arch Microbiol 167 376-83. 

Honjo, Y., Hrycyna, C. A., Yan, Q. W., et al. (2001) Acquired mutations in the MXR/BCRP/ ABCP gene alter substrate specificity in MXR/BCRP/ABCP-overexpressing cells. Cancer Res. 61,6635-6639. 

Wang, D. X., QuiUan, J. M., Winans, K., Lucas, J. L., and Sadee, W. (2001) Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human mu opioid receptor gene alter basal G protein coupling and calmodulin binding. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 34624—34630. 

Roumier, C., Fenaux, P., Lafage, M., Imbert, M., Eclache, V. and Preudhomme, C. (2003b) New mechanisms of AMLl gene alteration in hematological malignancies. Leukemia 17, 9-16. 

Fig. 1. Dose-Dependent Toxicogenomic Response in Cadmium-Exposed Mouse Embryos (95). Totai amount of genes significantly altered tor each dose of cadmium at 8 and 12 h post-exposure in C57 mouse embryos (a). The total amount of genes is expressed as percentage of all genes altered by cadmium (775 total genes, ANOVA). Average fold change in genes significantly altered by cadmium across dose and time (b).

These three different polymorphisms in the same gene obviously complicate efforts aimed at imderstanding the effects of each individual polymorphism. TS expression levels, tumor response, and toxicity are functions of multiple TS gene alterations, rather than the result of one single polymorphism. This review will provide an update of the most recent data on 5-FU metabolism and TS gene variations in CRC. 

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