End User Sectors

Therefore there are generation costs (Figure 1.5), wholesale costs (above), and transportation and distribution costs. The total for us, the end user, June, 2007 came to 18.9c/kWh. The national average cost of electricity generation in the United States in 2007 was about 4-5c/kWh, but it varies from region to region. In 2007 the national average "retail" prices by end-user sector were as follows ... 

Figure 4.3 shows percentage share of global biodegradable polymer consumption by end user sector for 2005. 

The w hole range of chemicals manufacturing activity (including makers of personal care and household consumable products), if taken together, is the largest end user sector for membrane modules. 

Chapter 2 is an in-depth analysis of China s plastics market, covering the manufacture of the major polymers and resins, domestic end-user sectors and international trade. Detailed figures are provided for output, capacity and market size with historical data for 1993, 1998 and 2003, and projections for 2008. In addition to the structure of the market, the chapter also looks at China s research and technological developments in the plastics arena and the involvement of foreign companies. 

Several important generalizations can be made. The first is that fossil fuel prices are primary competition for biomass energy. Table 28 summarizes 1990 U.S. tabulations of average, consumption-weighted, deflvered fossil fuel prices by end-use sector (90). The deflvered price of a given fossil fuel is not the same to each end user ie, the residential sector normally pays more for fuels than the other sectors, and large end users pay less. 

Therefore, if the desired indoor air quality goals are clearly defined, they will benefit the designers, health and safety professionals, manufacturers of control technology equipment, end users, and other experts who are responsible for maintaining a safe and healthy indoor climate. In conclusion, introduction of the target level process for industrial air quality will benefit both the health sector and the production sector. 

Managing the life cycle of chemicals for a customer, instead of just supplying their needs, is proving to be a very successful business model. There are major cost savings to be made by the user as it is estimated that for every 1 spent on chemicals, between 1 and 10 are spent on managing the acquisition, inventory and disposal. A specialist company is in a much better position to carry out these tasks cost-effectively than the end-user. This approach is widely used in the automotive sector where a surprising number of chemicals are used. About three-quarters of the main car and truck manufacturers use chemical management services. 

At present, the automotive sector is the largest end-user. The next largest end-user is the beverage can stock. Automotive use of aluminum is expected to sky-rocket as the sector increases its use of aluminum to increase fuel efficiency. 

In the United States, in the commercial sector, the most attractive application for near-term fuel cell technology is onsite cogeneration. In this application, the fuel cell power plant is located at the site of the end user, providing both electric and thermal energy. On-site applications in the commercial... 

Environmental issues are discussed below. It is worth pointing out now that the industry has had to adapt to chlorine demand changes in this sector such as CFCs, pulp and paper and solvents. In Europe no chlorine is used in the pulp industry and it is being run-down elsewhere. Many of the plants which supplied chlorine into the pulp sector are situated a long way from other chlorine end-users and there have been closures of chlorine units, mainly in Scandinavia, Canada and the West Coast of the USA. 

Table 16.1-1. Classification of Chemical Products by Functional Form and Industrial Sector/End User with Examples.

Pharmaceutical substances form the backbone of modern medicinal therapy. Most traditional pharmaceuticals are low molecular mass organic chemicals (Table 1.1). Although some (e.g. aspirin) were originally isolated from biological sources, most are now manufactured by direct chemical synthesis. Two types of manufacturing companies thus comprise the traditional pharmaceutical sector the chemical synthesis plants, which manufacture the raw chemical ingredients in bulk quantities, and the finished product pharmaceutical facilities, which purchase these raw bulk ingredients, formulate them into final pharmaceutical products, and supply these products to the end-user. 

Rapra has extensive processing, analytical and testing laboratory facilities and expertise and provides a wide range of services for processors, additive suppliers, product manufacturers and end users from all industry sectors. 

These flat-type membrane contactors have been used in several demonstration tests carried out in the framework of the previously cited European projects or independently by GVS in collaboration with selected industrial end-users. The efforts have been concentrated on two sectors ... 

Is there, particularly in the cosmetic sector, a premium for Scottish ingredients. Is there a marketing advantage to end users in this ... 

TABLE 4.13 U.S. Delivered Fossil Fuel Prices to End Users by Sector, 1993 ... 

In the 1980s, fundamental changes took place in the state-owned sector with the so-called privatization of the industry. First in Chile, then in the UK, the assets of the publicly-owned electricity authorities were vested in companies which issued equity shares to the general public. This change in ownership was coupled with a fundamental shift in the way electricity was produced and sold. New, cheaper, technologies such as gas-fired, combined cycle, gas turbine plant, which could be built more quickly than the traditional coal-fired steam turbine plant, and which is less labour intensive in its operation, was introduced extensively in the UK. The separate producers of electricity competed with each other on price (per kWh) to win market share. It is alleged, with some justification in the UK, that such competition has reduced the price to the end-user. 

Regarding the development of the environmental sector, there is a high demand for environmental equipment. The domestic environmental protection equipment production is still in its beginning, although there are local companies that produce the metal bulk components of some environmental equipment or could become co-production venture partners, important end users of developed know-how, components, parts, and process controls. 

Specialist low volume systems. Formulation supplied to end user in a ready to apply form - no dilution necessary. Nomix hand lance system. Packaging of bag in a box type. Main applications in the local authority/amenity sector. 

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