Production equipment

From the preceding information, it will be appreciated that in the production of woven filter fabrics, which are predominant in solid-liquid separation processes, there is a demand for a wide range of qualities. Because of this, the fabrics will be required in a variety of lengths and widths, therefore, the flexibility provided by section warping makes this the preferred warp preparation technique. 

By comparison, heavy duty belt filters may require fabrics up to 8 m in width. For these purposes the warps usually consist of a series of precision wound minibeams or spools which, after preparation, are mounted on a common let-off shaft on the weaving machine. The latter are, of necessity, extranely robust in construction, being similar in style to the equipment normally employed in paper-machine fabric manufacture. 

Although the weft insertion on these heavy duty machines may also be by rapier, for the wider looms insertion by conventional shuttle or projectile shuttle is more common. Furthermore, with weft insertion rates approximately 66% lower than the narrower, more conventional weaving machines, productivity is not particularly high. 

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However, in recent years the trend has been turning towards developing much smaller fields, making use of the existing field infrastructure. This, in combination with advances in subsea completion technology and the introduction of new production equipment has further stimulated the application of subsea technology. 

Israel Mining Industries developed a process in which hydrochloric acid, instead of sulfuric acid, was used as the acidulant (37). The acidulate contained dissolved calcium chloride which then was separated from the phosphoric acid by use of solvent extraction using a recyclable organic solvent. The process was operated commercially for a limited time, but the generation of HCl fumes was destmctive to production equipment. 

Fig. 20. Mass-production equipment for metal evaporated tape (103) vacuum - 1 mPa (10 torr).

The commercial production equipment consists of a furnace, heat-exchanger tubes, a fractionating column packed with Rachig rings, a KCl feed, a waste removal system, and a vapor condensing system (Fig. 1). 

In the past, income tax could be reduced by an investment tax credit. This item, designed to stimulate iavestment, was a tax credit amounting to some percentage of the new capital investment ia certain eligible types of production equipment. It was credited when the investment was made and could be used to offset the tax due, until exhausted, for a prescribed period of years. This credit was eliminated ia the United States for most equipment ia 1986, but is frequently advocated for investment stimulation. 

The other common objective for calculating the number of countercurrent theoretical stages (or mass-transfer units) is to evaluate the performance of hquid-liquid extraction test equipment in a pilot plant or to evaluate production equipment in an industrial plant. Most liq-uid-hquid extraction equipment in common use can oe designed to achieve the equivalent of 1 to 8 theoretical countercurrent stages, with some designed to achieve 10 to 12 stages. 

Everyone in the maintenance department should be encouraged to contribute ideas on a better way to do a task or a solution to a nagging problem related to the maintenance or operation of production equipment. Each contributor should be given credit by name and location for his or her effort. Very few workers can resist a bit of pride in seeing their names attached to an article that is seen by virtually everyone in the company. 

Hydrocomponents Technologies, Inc. Site describes products supplied for commercial, industrial and residential applications membrane production equipment components for manufacturers of reverse osmosis systems. http //www.hcti.com... 

Assume that two levels of protection are adequate. Experience in applying FMEA analysis to production equipment indicates that in many cases only one level of protection w ould be required, given the degree of reliability of shutdown systems and the consequences... 

Figure 15-23. Fire water pump insulation is not necessary because the exhaust is not in a work area and the fire water pump is not in a classified areo (more than 10 ft from production equipment, oil storage, etc.)...

In order to properly classify areas surrounding production equipment, not only must the specific items of equipment (separators, pumps, compressors. etc.) be identified, but also the degree of ventilation must be... 

The equipment of a processing system is designed according to process conditions witli a view to containing tlie chemical(s) and maintaining the control parameters required to produce tlie desired product. Equipment failure can generally be attributed to one or more of tlie following hazards ... 

To drill a well, a site is selected and prepared. A drilling rig is transported to the site and set up. A surface hole is drilled, followed by drilling to the total planned depth of the well. The well is then tested, evaluated, and completed. Finally, production equipment is installed, and the well is put on production. 

In general there is considerable variation in the geothermal gradient throughout the United States and the world. Also, in many regions of the world where there is evidence of rather thin crust, the relationship between temperature at depth and depth may not be approximated by the linear function given in Equation 2-163. The increase in temperature with depth has important consequences for drilling and production equipment that is used in the petroleum industry. The viscosity... 

Light organics volatilized from exempt wastes in reserve pits, impoundments, or production equipment... 

Lynch, Phillip F., Rig Equipment A Primer in Drilling and Production Equipment, Vol. 2, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, 1978. 

These two volumes are thorough, practical references for specifying, designing, operating, and troubleshooting surface production equipment. 

Physicochemical properties of molten systems have an applied significance due to their wide use in both technological process planning and in production equipment design. Analysis of various melt properties versus different parameters of the melt enables to infer the interaction mechanism between the initial components, and in some cases, even to estimate the possible composition of the main complex ions formed in the melt [312]. From this point of view, the analysis of isotherms of physicochemical properties versus melt composition and of the magnitude of their deviation from ideal conditions is of most interest. 

The defluorination of the complex acids is a key step in the production of tantalum and niobium oxides as it defines the quality of the products and durability of the production equipment. 

The mold or die should also be recognized as one of the most important pieces of production equipment in the plant. These controllable, complex devices must be an efficient heat exchanger and provide the product s shape. The mold or die designer thus has to have the experience or training and knowledge of how to produce the tooling needed for the product and to meet required tolerances with the plastic to be processed. 

Direct oxide reduction (DOR) is presently being tested on production equipment. Eventually, it is hoped to eliminate the fluorination and bomb reduction processes and replace them with DOR. 

Optoelectronics is a relatively new and fast-growing industry with many applications. Thin-film processes, such as reactive sputtering, molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE), and particularly MOCVD, play a major part in their production. Equipment and materials are similar to those used in the semiconductor industry and many companies manufacture both types of products. In fact the distinction between the two areas is often blurred. Statistics generally do not single out optoelectronics as such and, for that reason, it is difficult to define the scope of the industry accurately. 

FIG. 25-4 Corrosion racks used to expose corrosion samples in operating production equipment (a) inside pipes (b) inside process vessels (c) to be bolted onto baffles and brackets with process vessels. 

In the life cycle phases of product manufacturing, the focus of resource efficiency moves from the material applied per unit to resources used in the various production phases, for example, cooling lubricants, compressed air or hydraulic oil and on the energy requirements of the production processes [24]. Process relevant information is based on equipment energy consumption curves. Each curve is specific to a production equipment item and enables an accurate determination of the energy consumption of the item over the production time. 

The form of or act of laying strip material taken off a mill or extruder into a basket in an oscillating manner. Such material is then suitable for subsequent automatic feeding of production equipment such as injection moulding machines. Wild Rubber... 

Besides all these quant-related constraints there are numerous others such as down times for production equipment when maintenance or rebuilding activities have to be carried out or fixed production orders. Finally, there are constraints such as varying shift models, and so forth. 

Another special aspect of the production process considered here is that there is only one unique end product - copper anodes with a final copper content of 99.6%. This changes the problem focus compared to other typical scheduling problems, where different properties of various products have to be taken into account in determining a production sequence, as well as cleaning requirements and product-equipment compatibility, to name a few. Here we do not have, e.g.,... 

The cost parameter K2 is a setup cost and denotes a fixed cost of production—equipment must be made ready, cleaned, and so on. The parameter K3 is an operating cost parameter. The operating cost is assumed to be proportional to the number of units manufactured. Equation (a) may be an unrealistic assumption because the incremental cost of manufacturing could decrease somewhat for large runs consequently, instead of a linear function, you might choose a nonlinear cost function of the form... 

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