Sectors residential

The flow diagram of Figure 2 shows second-law efficiencies for the utility sector and the three usual end-use sectors, residential and commerical, transportation, and industrial. These values were the author s best approximation after a modest effort to obtain fairly exact values in 1973. Some of the values pre known to be quite good, while others are necessarily rough approximations since, for example, in the industrial sector there is such a variety of uses in the thousands of industrial operations that it is impossible, without a monumental effort, to determine accurate values. The methods and data used to estimate the second law efficiency values of each sector for Figure 2 are. described in Appendix A. 

Several important generalizations can be made. The first is that fossil fuel prices are primary competition for biomass energy. Table 28 summarizes 1990 U.S. tabulations of average, consumption-weighted, deflvered fossil fuel prices by end-use sector (90). The deflvered price of a given fossil fuel is not the same to each end user ie, the residential sector normally pays more for fuels than the other sectors, and large end users pay less. 

Koomey, ]. G. Mahler, S. A. Webber C. A. and McMahon, ]. E. (1997). Projected Regional Impacts ol Appliance Efficiency Standards for the U.S. Residential Sector. Lawience Berkeley National Laboratniy. LBNL-39511. 

Throughout the industrialized world over the past two centuries, coal became relied upon as an energy source for industrial processes and for residential heat. In the United States, all the coal consumed before the year 1800—much of it imported from Britain—amounted to only 108,000 tons, which is one ten-thousandth of current annual U.S. production. Until 1840, wood exceeded coal as an energy source. However, coal then began a slow, steady expansion in usage, and, for over a century, until 1951, it was the chief energy source in the United States, contributing in the area of transportation (railroads) as well as the earlier, familiar sectors of industrial processes and residential heat. 

A macro supply curve of conserved electricity tor the U.S. residential sector. Key assumptions are given inside the chart. This supply curve shows estimated savings potentials from 304 different measures. The associated table describing the measures is too long to present here, but certain measures with numbers on top of them are noteworthy from a policy perspective. For example, measure 80 is conversion from conventional water heaters to heat pump water heaters. 

Among the four major sectors of the economy—residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation—... 

Consumption in the transportation sector historically has been less than either the industrial sector or the residential and commercial sector, but it is of greater concern because consumption is almost entirely petroleum as opposed to a mix of petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. And because electricity can be generated from a number of different sources, and because there is greater opportunity to substitute one source of energy for another in generating electricity, the price and supply security that exists in other sectors does not apply to the transportation sector. 

An important feature of the typical system is its modularity. The most powerful EMCS installations have all three components, but often only a single module is necessai y for simple applications, such as controlling a single air-conditioning unit, or for most applications in the residential sector. Thus local and control modules arc capable of stand-alone operation without higher-level components. The functions,... 

Demand for natural gas, in all markets—residential, commercial, and industrial—is projected to grow into the foreseeable future, particularly in the electric power generation market and the industrial sector. Total natural gas use in the United States is projected to grow from 20.1 quadrillion British thermal units in 1992 to 26.1 by 2010, an average growth rate of 1.6 percent per year. 

ITeatmg water consumes over 3.5 quadrillion Btus per year of primaiy energy which makes it the third largest energy end use for the residential and commercial sector in the United States, after space conditioning and lighting. Although indoor domestic hot water is nearly universal m the United States, this is a relatively recent historical development. 

Stationary use of fuel cells for the industrial and residential sectors is often foreseen in combined heat and power applications, but these are mainly run on syngas and/or natural gas instead of hydrogen. 

Research and development activities regarding fuel-cell units for the residential sector can be located all over the world. In Japan, 400 lkW fuel-cell systems were tested in 2005 (see Fig. 13.7). But intense attention is also being paid to these applications in the United States, China and Korea. 

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