Fossil fuels prices

Fossil copal Fossil flour Fossil-fuel furnaces Fossil fuel prices Fossil fuels Fotoform/Fotoceram Fougere Royal Foundry alloys Foundry core binders Foundry furnaces Foundry resins Fountains Fourcault process... 

Several important generalizations can be made. The first is that fossil fuel prices are primary competition for biomass energy. Table 28 summarizes 1990 U.S. tabulations of average, consumption-weighted, deflvered fossil fuel prices by end-use sector (90). The deflvered price of a given fossil fuel is not the same to each end user ie, the residential sector normally pays more for fuels than the other sectors, and large end users pay less. 

Table 28. U.S. Delivered Fossil Fuel Prices to End Users, 1990, /GJ ...

This book has considered in detail the potential for and costs of technologies and measures to introduce hydrogen, recognising that this is subject to significant uncertainties. These include the difficulties of estimating the costs of technologies several decades into the future, as well as how fossil fuel prices will evolve in the future. It is also difficult to predict what the public acceptance of hydrogen will be. 

Since the late 1960s, and more especially since 1973, when OPEC policies reversed fossil fuel pricing patterns that had virtually eliminated it as a major component of the Canadian energy economy, coal has not only regained substantial footholds in industrial fuel markets, but also attracted increasingly serious attention as a key resource from which, in future, more diverse energy demands could be met. 

Besides, it is possible to turn refineries quasi-C02 free thanks to the supply of hydrogen, oxygen and clean electricity. On the basis of the early 2008 economic conditions (high level of fossil fuels prices, around USD 140/bl) and considering nuclear electricity costs at around EUR 55/MW, such modified refineries are more profitable than conventional ones. 

A more sophisticated approach is to use risk-adjusted discounted cash flow methods that properly account for the nondiversifiable risk associated with fossil fuel price volatility and the lower diversifiable risk associated with capital projects. Application of this more robust financial analysis leads to a significant change in the costs of technologies. Table 6 suggests that the renewable technologies become slightly less costly while nuclear and fossil fuels, particularly gas, become significantly more expensive (in some cases the cost more than doubles). Furthermore, the cost rank order alters such that, with the exception of solar thermal, renewables become cheaper than the fossil fueled and nuclear options. 

Hydrogen production costs for transportation use will be significantly higher than current fossil fuel prices, but hydrogen from biomass has potential to become a competitive fuel with various government incentives and advances in technology. 

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