Instrumental setup

In this present chapter, the applications of multidimensional chromatography using various types of coupled techniques for the analysis of industrial and polymer samples, and polymer additives, are described in detail. The specific applications are organized by technique and a limited amount of detail is given for the various instrumental setups, since these are described elsewhere in other chapters of this volume. 

Figure 3.12. Schematic diagram of the instrumental setup of the mobile aerosol mass spectrometer LAMPAS 2 . (Trimborn et al. 2000.)...

The instrumental setup for capillary HPLC-NMR coupling is shown in Figure 4.6. The capillary pump is connected via 50 pm capillaries between the capillary HPLC pump, the UV detector, and the NMR flow probe. 

FIGURE 4.6 Instrumental setup for capillary HPLC-NMR coupling. (From Hentschel, P. et al., J. Chromatogr. A, 285, 2006. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 16.5 Schematic of instrumental setup for 2D micro-RPLC-CZE. A split injection/ flow system is used to deliver a nanoliter per second flow rate to the micro-RP-HPLC column from the gradient LC pump. The HPLC microcolumn has 50 pm i.d. and 76 cm length, and the electrophoresis capillary has 17 pm i.d., L — 25 cm, and/= 15 cm. The valve is air-actuated and controls the flow of flush buffer (reprinted with permission from Analytical Chemistry). 

This online instrumental setup was applied for the 2D separation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-derivatized human urine the results are shown in Fig. 16.7. This separation used overlapped CZE runs, which means that two samples are injected on the column, one after the other, separated by a period of time that will allow the separation of the first-injection components from the second-injection components that are present in the capillary at any point prior to detection. This was accomplished by making an injection in a time interval of exactly half of the actual CZE run time. To overlap the CZE runs, an injection was made every 29 s. For the overlapping to work,... 

Figure 2. Schematic of the instrument setup used for SERS detection.

Figure 3 Instrumental setup used to implement SF-CLS by using a modular stopped-flow device for mixing the sample and reagents.

Figure 8 Instrumental setup used to implement the CAR technique in CL kinetic-based determinations according to the detection system used a spectrofluorimeter or a black box including a PMT.

Figure 10 shows the instrumental setup used to implement the APP-CLS approach. It consists of (a) a CSTR that is a thermostated 10-mL glass reaction vessel accommodated in a commercially available spectrofluorimeter (a Hitachi F2000 model in this case) (b) a four-channel peristaltic pump with three channels used to dispense the reagent solutions and the fourth to keep the volume of the reaction mixture in the CSTR constant the three reagent solutions are as follows (1) 0.15 M hydrogen peroxide (2) 0.15 M sodium thiocyanate, 0.15 M sodium hydroxide, and 1.95 x 10 3 M luminol and (3) 6.0 x 10 4 M copper(II) sulfate ... 

Fig. 15.28 Schematic of the ultrasound MCLW instrumental setup. Reprinted from Ref. 23 with...

Instrument Setup for Simple Dark-Field Microscopy... 

Owen, R. J., Heyes, C. D., Knebel, D., Rocker, C., and Nienhaus, G. U. (2006). An integrated instrumental setup for the combination of atomic force microscopy with optical spectroscopy. Biopolymers 82, 410-414. 

Explain why a GC-IR-MS instrumental setup works well in terms of identifying analytes. 

Fig. 2.1 Instrumental setup for screening analysis by evaporation/pyrolysis gas chromatography... 

It is presumed that you have previously performed Experiment 29 or another introductory experiment on the atomic absorption equipment. If you have not done this, carefully read through the Experiment 29 procedure so that you are aware of certain precautions and instrument setup requirements. 

Unsaturated even-electron cations have been used in the gas phase to react with olefins, including dienes, in a way that characterizes their structure. In most cases, these ion/molecule reactions take place by [4 + 2] cycloadditions followed by specific elimination of even-electron neutrals. A most suitable instrumental setup for these studies are triple-quadrupole and pentaquadrupole mass spectrometers in which the ion/molecule addition reactions take place subsequent to the selection of the reagent ion. In most... 

Connecting Dissolution and Permeation Measurement in One Instrumented Setup... 

Of course, the sensitivity of an instrumental setup is of key importance to low detection limits nevertheless, the detection limit is a clearly different quantity. The detection limit may either be stated as a relative measure in trace analysis, e.g., 1 ppb of dioxin in waste oil samples (equivalent to 1 pg kg" of sample), or as an absolute measure, e.g., 10 femtomol of substance P with a certain MALDI instrument. 

FIGURE7.14 Instrumental setup for CE-NMR with online NMR detection using a solenoidal microcoil probe. 

Modern instruments usually offer an on-board choice between a quadrature phase detector and some kind of diode or square detector. The latter, however is mostly used just for instrument setup (probe tuning, etc.) while signal acquisition is done almost exclusively by the phase detector. 

Seven ANL-PCS (Argonne National Laboratory - Premium Coal Sample) coals were analyzed by Py-FIMS in time resolved (TR) mode. Conventional characterization data on ANL-PCS coals have been described elsewhere (11). About 100 pg of -100 mesh coal were transferred into a quartz crucible and introduced into the high vacuum (10 Pa) of the ion source (200 C). The instrumental setup using a Finnigan... 

The effect of the dwell volume on the retention times of analytes increases with decreasing retention factor at the start of gradient elution and with increasing ratio VpIV, and becomes very significant in the instrumental setup with the dwell volume comparable to or larger than the column hold-up volume, which is more likely to occur in micro- or in capillary LC than in conventional analytical LC (see Figure 5.4) [12]. 

FIGURE 12.1 (a) FFF instrumental setup comparison with a standard HPLC arrangement, (b) Separation... 

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