Conventional lithographic

In addition to the conventional lithographic techniques, surface patterning was performed by means of local polymerisation of the monomers under the SPM tip. These studies have been mainly focused towards electrically conductive polymers such as polypyrole, polythyophene and polyaniline. The easiest way to implement polymerisation is to set either the tip or sample potential sufficiently positive to cause the electrochemical oxidation of the monomer [438, 451 -455]. This technique enabled controlled removal and deposition of polymer dots as small as 1 nm to in a well defined pattern [453]. After deposition, the dots could be read using a conventional imaging mode (Fig. 49). 

Copper sticks poorly to silica but titanium tungstide sticks well. Using conventional lithographic techniques islands of TiW 0.1 pm thick, a few micrometers in width, were sputtered onto the silica and the photoresist was removed (Fig. 5(a)). 

Typically, the stamp employed is created by casting prepolymers against a master patterned by conventional lithographic techniques. This stamp is then... 

In order to address each LCD on the panel, amorphous silicon thin film transistors have been used >, which are made by a conventional lithographic procedure. Although the latest reported size is only 12.5 cm (5 inch), it is a promising development in a field where the cathode ray tube has enjoyed a monopoly position since the introduction of television. 

Keywords— Lateral nanogap, biosensor. Polysilicon, oxide semiconductor, conventional lithographic. 

---