Emulsifying ointment

Lipophilic ointment (oil ointment) consists of a lipophilic base (paraffin oil, petroleum jelly, wool fat [lanolin]) and may contain up to 10 % powder materials, such as zinc oxide, titanium oxide, starch, or a mixture of these. Emulsifying ointments are made of paraffins and an emulsifying wax, and are miscible with water. 

Ion pair titration using a coloured indicator complex is used in pharmacopoeial assays of dicyclamine elixir, procyclidine tablets, sodium dodecyl sulphate and cetrimide emulsifying ointment. 

Hydrophilic (aqueous) cream is an oil-in-water emulsion formed with the aid of an emulsifier it may also be considered an oil-in-water emulsion of an emulsifying ointment. 

Emulsifying ointment is made from emulsifying wax (cetostearyl alcohol and sodium lauryl sulphate) and paraffins. Aqueous cream is an oil-in-water emulsion of emulsifying ointment. 

Ichthyosis vulgaris Emollients to hydrate and smooch the skin, e.g. emulsifying ointment and urea-based creams, e.g. Calmurid. Very severe variants may need acetretin. Avoid degreasing skin, e.g. by domestic detergents. 

Anionic emulsifying wax (3-30%) may also be mixed with soft and liquid paraffins to prepare anhydrous ointment bases such as emulsifying ointment BP. A preparation of 80% anionic emulsifying wax in white soft paraffin has been used as a soap substitute in the treatment of eczema. 

Emulsifying ointment BP, which contains anionic emulsifying wax, has been found to have major sunscreen activity in clinically normal skin and should therefore not be used before phototherapy procedures. ... 

Nonionic emulsifying wax is also used in nonaqueous ointment bases, such as cetomacrogol emulsifying ointment BP, and in barrier creams. 

Complexes which form are not always fully active. A well-known example is the complex between neomycin sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate that will form when Aqueous Cream BP is used as a vehicle for neomycin sulfate. Aqueous cream comprises 30% emulsifying ointment, which itself is a mixture of emulsifying wax which contains 10% of sodium lauryl sulfate or a similar anionic surfactant. 

It is combined with salicylic acid (see below) in an emulsifying ointment... 

Weighed quantity of emulsifying ointment is melted in another vessel, and propylparaben (0.15%) in dispersed in it (oily phase). 

The dispersion containing gum olibanum powder and methylparaben is also heated to the same temperature as that of emulsifying ointment. 

The aqueous dispersion containing gum olibanum powder is added to the molten emulsifying ointment, and the mixture is stirred continuously at 10,000 rpm for 1 hour using a homogenizer to obtain cream consistency. 

Golden Dawn. [Westbrook Lanolin] Lanolin emollient, emulsifier, ointment base, hair conditioner, lipstick binder. 

Definition Mixed triester of giycerin with capryiic, capric and stearic acids Uses Emollient, solvent in cosmetics moisturizer stabilizer emulsifier ointment base for the prep, of nonaq. ointments and creams filler, carrier for gelatin capsules Features Good skin compatibility and resorption chars. 

Formuia CH3(CH2CH20)n0H, n = 7-16 Properties Liq. grades Colorless or pract. colorless clear to si. hazy si. hygroscopic vise, liqs., si. char, odor sol. in acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, toluene misc. with water sp.gr. 1.09-1.10 Solid grades wh. waxy plastic, flakes, beads, orpowds., pract. odorless and tasteless sol. in water, acetone, alcohol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, toluene Uses Prod, of emulsifiers ointment base, solvent, plasticizer in pharmaceuticals Reguiatory NF compliance Trade Name Synonyms Hisolve PM [Toho Chem. Ind. http //www.toho-chem.co.jp]... 

Amlnobutanol Aminoethyl propanediol Amlnomethyl propanol emulsifier, ointments Caprylic/capric triglyceride PEG-4 esters Ceteareth-3 Egg oil PEG-40 stearatej Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids Sodium C12-15 alkyl sulfate Sodium C12-18, alkyl sulfate Sorbitan dioleate Sucroglycerides Sucrose fatty acid esters emulsifier, olein Cetoleth-18 Trideceth emulsifier, opacified prods. 

Ointments are cutaneous preparations consisting of one phase, hydrophilic or hydrophobic, in which a solid phase may be dispersed. They are subdivided in hydrophobic ointments, water-emulsifying ointments and hydrophilic ointments. 

Hydrophobic ointments are ointments that can absorb only small quantities of water. The base of water emulsifying ointments is similar to the base of the hydro-phobic ointments but also contains one or a few emulsifying agents, so they can absorb larger quantities of water than hydrophobic ointments and form water-in-oU (w/o) or oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions, depending on the type of the emulsifier. Hydrophilic ointments are ointments which consist of only a hydrophilic phase. They are miscible with water. 

Water-emulsifying ointment Emulsifying hydrophobic base gel DAC (w/o emulsifying) (Table 12.26), Cetomacrogol ointment base (o/w emulsifying) (Table 12.27)... 

The liquid isopropyl myristate is closely related to the waxes. However it is not a wax as it is not an ester of a fatty alcohol and fatty acid. It has similar characteristics to fatty oUs. It is mainly used to enhance the spreadabUity of oil-in-water emulsifying ointments. 

The interphase is the phase between the aqueous and the lipophilic phase. For the integration of the aqueous phase and the lipophilic phase a surfactant is needed (see Sect. 18.4.3). Surfactants reduce the surface tension between both phases resulting in the formation of an emulsion, see Sect. 12.5.5. Surfactants are used in emulsions for cutaneous application such as creams and water emulsifying ointments. The emulsifying capacity of the surfactant is determined by the HLB value (see Sect. 18.4.3). These characteristic and to a certain degree the ratio water-fat determines whether an emulsion will be an oil in water (o/w) or a water in oil (w/o) emulsion. Surfactants are described in Sect. 23.6. In this section their function in cutaneous emulsions is summarised. 

W/o emulsifying ointments consist of a lipophilic phase containing w/o emulsifiers. Because of these properties the water binding capacity is much higher than in hydrophobic ointments. 

The ingredients used in w/o emulsifying ointments are the same as in hydrophobic ointments, but a w/o surfactant is added such as ... 

White soft paraffin and wool fat are commonly used excipients for w/o emulsifying ointments. Emulsifying Hydrophobic Base Gel DAC (Table 12.26) is an ointment base free of wool fat and wool alcohols. It consists of plastibase (also named as Hydrophobic Base Gel DAC [43] polyethylene processed with liquid paraffines), isopropyl palmitate and triglycerol diisostearate. 

Basically the preparatiOTi of w/o emulsifying ointments and the processing of active substances are similar to hydrophobic ointments. Whether heating is meaningful depends on the properties of the ingredients. Emulsifying Hydrophobic Base Gel (Table 12.26) for example is prepared by mixing all substances at room temperature. The Hydrophobic Base Gel does not tolerate temperatures above 70 °C. 

By the addition of water the o/w emulsifying ointments are turned into hydrophilic creams with a relatively high content of lipophilic ingredients and good application properties (Table 12.4). Propylene glycol is added for preservation. 

Paste of Resorcinol and Sulphur, B.P.C. Contains 6 25 per cent each of resorcinol and sulphur and 37 5 per cent of zinc oxide in emulsifying ointment. 

Cetrimide Emulsifying Ointment, B.P.C, Contains 30 per cent of cetrimide emulsifying wax. It can be standardised by the anionic-cationic titration method (b) described above. 

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