Soap substitutes

Emollients hydrate the skin and soothe and smooth dry scaly conditions. They need to be applied frequently as their effects are short-lived. There is a variety of preparations but aqueous cream in addition to its use as a vehicle (above) is effective when used as a soap substitute. Various other ingredients may be added to emoUients, e.g. menthol, camphor or phenol for its mild antipruritic effect and zinc and titanium dioxide as astringents. 

Anionic emulsifying wax (3-30%) may also be mixed with soft and liquid paraffins to prepare anhydrous ointment bases such as emulsifying ointment BP. A preparation of 80% anionic emulsifying wax in white soft paraffin has been used as a soap substitute in the treatment of eczema. 

Emollients should also be used In the bath and as soap substitutes. Emollient topical applications are most effective if applied immediately after a bath, after the skin has been patted dry but still retains some moisture on it. 

Hard water contains Fe +, Ca +, and/or Mg + ions, all of which displace Na+ from soaps to form precipitates. This removes the soap from the water and puts an undesirable coating on the bathtub or on the fabric being laundered. Synthetic detergents are soap-like emulsifiers that contain sulfonate, —SOj, or sulfate, —OSOj, instead of carboxylate groups, —COO . They do not precipitate the ions of hard water, so they can be used in hard water as soap substitutes without forming undesirable scum. 

Detergents are soap substitutes made in the oil industry. They possess simiiar moiecuies to soaps, with the sulfonate group (OSOj) being the commonest ionic group. For example, the detegent sodium lauryl sulfate (C17H35OSO3, Na ) has the following structure ... 

Products and Uses Various applications include in shampoo, bubble baths, soap products, detergents, soap substitutes in mineral water, root beer, beverages, spices, candies, and dessert ices. Also used as a foam producer in cleaning products and in fire extinguishers. It is also a flavoring ingredient. 

As shown, LC/ES-MS of saponins gives few fragments and complementary techniques such as MS/MS are needed to obtain more structural information on the sugar sequence. In order to illustrate this approach, the sugar sequence of some saponins of Phytolacca dodecandra L Herit (Phytolaccaceae) were tentatively identified on-line by LC/MS/MS. The dried berries of this plant, are used in Ethiopia as a soap substitute. The molluscicidal properties of their constituents were discovered by Lemma in 1965 and this plant became rapidly of great importance for the local control of schistosomieisis. 

Cottonseed (Gossypium) oil Hydrogenated cottonseed oil Tallow soap substitute Saponins soap, bar... 

F. have properties similar to -+soaps. They show better solubility and are less sensitive to water hardness. They were proposed as soap substitutes for many years, but due to expensive manufacturing procedures (from acid chlorides), they never gained market importance. However, recent process developments starting from methyl ester, provide new opportunities to this interesting class of - surfactants. 

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