Ear injuries

The Lovelace work was later converted in Ref. 46 to scaled curves for combinations of peak incident overpressure and positive phase specific impulse. These curves are reproduced here as Fig. 40. Hirsch s work (Ref. 44) can also be given as pressure-impulse combinations for ear injury, and this also was done in Ref. 46. 

Contraindications Dizziness, ear discharge or drainage, ear injury, ear pain, irritation, or rash, hypersensitivity to carbamide peroxide or any one of its components... 

Figures 28.9, 28.10, and 28.11 show this relationship for humans. The figures differ in the body orientation relative to the incoming shock. Figure 28.12 shows the 1% and 50% probabilities of adverse ear responses in relation to pressure and pulse duration for three different levels of ear injury. Level 1 consists of minor damage and/or healable small tears or rupture of the tympanic membrane (ear drum) level 2 for tearing of the membrane that will result in permanent hearing loss and level 3, which includes severe rupture of the membrane along with inner ear damage.

Glinical dis nosis involves the administration of a detailed physical examination and the ntilization of tests. Equipment used for this purpose includes otoscopes, audiometers, endoscopes, microscopes. X-ray machines, MRI scanners, and many others. Frequently, tests serve to determine the extent of hearing loss due to ear injury or potential speech impairment that occurs following laryngeal damage. Many ENT disorders, however, can be diagnosed primarily on physical exam. Therefore, otolaryngologists can maintain a very hands-on approach to patient care. 

Emergency treatment is not required for blast injury to the ears however, an appropriate assessment is an important part of patient management if injuries are not to be missed. V ere possible, affected personnel should be transferred to a quieter imit, since this appears to be associated with a significant reduction in long-term symptoms. Casualties with ear injuries should also be encouraged to wear ear protection whenever possible. Special precautions are not required when evacuating these casualties. 

External ear injuries should be cleaned and repaired. Small fragments of cartilage should be removed, but larger pieces retained in order to preserve the normal appearance of the ear. It is sometimes necessary to preserve cartilage imder a skin flap for future use. Prophylactic antibiotics should be given. 

The main direct, primary effect to humans from an explosion is the sudden increase in pressure that occurs as a blast wave passes. It can cause injury to pressure-sensitive human organs, such as ears and lungs. 

Low-frequency noise (in the range 3-50 Hz) may have other injurious effects on the body. Research has also indicated that a type of fatigue caused by low-frequency noise has a similar effect to that caused by alcohol. Infrasound (low-frequency sound) also has a synergistic effect with alcohol. Low-frequency noise is particularly important in the case of workers operating machinery (e.g. vehicles, cranes, etc.). It must also be remembered that very high power levels may be generated at low frequency and may not be readily detected by the ear. Attenuation of low-frequency noise is very difficult (see Section 42.7). 

I he eyes and ears are subject to various disorders which range from mild to serious. Because the eyes and ears provide an interpretation of our outside environment, any disease or injury that has the potential for partial or total loss of function of these organs must be treated. 

Famphur was not very effective in the control of ticks. The tropical horse tick (Anocentor nitens) is a species of serious concern to horse breeders and raisers in Florida mainly because it transmits Babesia caballi, the causative agent of equine piroplasmosis. A secondary concern is that heavy tick infestations may cause injury to the ears of the horse (Gladney etal. 1972). Data were unavailable on famphur control of ticks in horses however, famphur was 99.9 to 100% effective in controlling A. nitens in Hereford steers and heifers when fed in the diet at 5 mg/kg BW for 14 to 21 days. Famphur at 2.5 mg/kg BW in cattle diets for 7 days was only partially effective (39 to 87.5%) in controlling horse ticks (Gladney et al. 1972). Famphur — despite multiple treatments — was not effective in controlling cattle ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis) when used as a pour-on at recommended application rates in weaned Hereford calves (Heath et al. 1980). 

Excessive concentrations of nuisance dusts in the workroom air may seriously reduce visibility, may cause unpleasant deposits in the eyes, ears and nasal passages, or cause injury to the skin or mucous membranes by chemical or mechanical action per se or by the rigorous... 

It is indicated in the treatment of a variety of painful inflammatory conditions, including osteoarthritis, oncology, postopera-tively, trauma, sports injuries, ear, nose and throat disorders, dental surgery, bursitis/ tendinitis, thrombophlebitis, upper airways inflammation and gynaecological disorders. Nimesulide has shown to be well tolerated even by aspirin sensitive asthmatic patients. 

Imokawa H, Ando K, Kubota T, Isono E, Inoue H, Ishida H. Study on the kinetics of bradykinin level in the wound produced by thermal injury in the ear burn model in mice. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1992 99 445-450. 

TM rupture and middle-ear damage. Abdominal hemorrhage and perforation—globe (eye) rupture-concussion (TBI without physical signs of head injury). 

Casillas, R.P., Kiser, R.C. (2000). Therapeutic approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfurmustard. I. Modulaton of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model. J. Appl. Toxicol. 20, Suppl. 1 SI45-51. 

Casillas, R.P., Mitcheltree, L.W., Stemler, F.W. (1997). The mouse ear model of cutaneous sulfur mustard injury. Toxicol. Methods 7 381-97. 

Dachir, S., Fishheine, E., Meshulam, Y., Sahar, R., Amir, A., Kadar, T. (2002). Potential anti-inflammatory treatments against cutaneous sulfur mustard injury using the mouse ear vesicant model. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 21 197-203. 

The mouse ear vesicant model has been used to evaluate pharmacological agents for countering SM dermal injury. The SM-induced skin injury in mouse ear was found to be... 

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