Effects of injury

Miller, P. R., F. W. Cobb, Jr., and E. Zavarin. Photochemical oxidant injury and bark beetle (Coleoptera Solytidae) infestation of ponderosa pine. III. Effect of injury upon oleoresin composition, phloem carbohydrates, and phloem pH. Hilgardia 39 135-140, 1968. 

Two of the physical properties which are affected by temperature are vapor pressure and viscosity. The vapor pressure of n-decane approximately doubles with each rise of 10 C. This increase would double the evaporation rate and should, theoretically at least, halve the contact time of the hydrocarbon on the plant. The effects of injurious oils are closely correlated with the length of time they remain in or on the plant. Thus, consider-... 

The effects of injury and corticoid administration on protein metabolism differ significantly in animals. The content of liver nitrogen is increased by giving cortisone to rats but fracture of the femur does not have this effect in spite of increased levels of cortisol in the blood (M13). The administration of cortisone has a constant effect on nitrogen balance at all levels of nitrogen intake whereas the catabolic response to injury is reduced or even abolished by diminished protein intake and weight loss prior to injury (M12). 

Most anterior pituitary hormones are secreted in response to a negative feedback mechanism whereby increases in the secretions of the target glands inhibit further pituitary hormone production. The hypothalamus is important in the negative feedback chain as it synthesizes link or releasing hormones which reach the anterior pituitary by the hypothalamohypophysial portal system to stimulate hormone secretion. There is no information yet of the effect of injury on most of the releasing hormones of the hypothalamus. The anterior pituitary is an important relay center in the response to injury. Destruction of the median eminence in experimental animals prevents the release of ACTH in response to stress (Hll). 

The capacity of the thyroid to take up iodine is reduced immediately after injury (J4), and this reduced uptake persists for 2 or 3 days. The reduced uptake does not appear to be related in increased levels of ACTH, cortisol, or epinephrine, but to be a specific effect of injury (G6). Anesthesia alone produces no change. Reduced thyroid and renal clearance of has been found after hypovolemic shock in animals (01). 

The role of the peripheral nerve impulses is also shown in studies of the effect of injury in paralyzed lower limbs of paraplegic subjects (E4). Injury below the level of cord damage does not cause any increase in the levels of ACTH or cortisol in plasma (02). Studies with spinal anesthesia do not give similar results (J2, M5). The adrenocortical response under... 

Hellertein A, Katz C. The electrical effects of injury at various myocardial locations. Am Heart J 1948 36 184. 

A search of the earlier literature on the effect of injuries ranging in severity from simple hemorrhage to the seriously wounded on the metabolic response, indicates the extent of an underlying basic pattern. 

Distinction between the effects of injury on protein metabolism and the effects of corticoid on protein metabolism has been made by Munro (M17, MIS) who has found a marked gain in liver nitrogen content following cortisone administration to the rat, but not after femur fracture. He also notes that cortisone has a constant action on nitrogen balance at all levels of protein intake whereas the effect of injury is obliterated by prior protein depletion. 

K2. Kinney, J. M., Protein metabolism in human pathological states The effect of injury upon human protein metabolism. In Symposium on Protein Metabolism Influence of Growth Hormone, Anabolic Steroids, and Nutrition in Health and Disease (F. Gross, ed.), pp. 275-296. Springer, Berlin, 1962. 

Owen, J. A., Effect of injury on plasma proteins. Advan. Clin. Chem. 9, 1-41 (1967). 

Kushneva V. 1959. On the problem of the long-term effects of the combined injury to animals of silicon dioxide and radon. In Zakutinskil D. Long term effects of injuries caused by the action of ionizing radiation. AEC-TR-4473. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. 

Meier et al (1981) have described studies upon the synthesis of pi,3 and Pl,4-glucans in intact cotton fibres (Gossypium arboreum), where the effects of injury are minimised. Radioactively labelled sucrose was supplied to the cut petioles of fruit capsules as a pulse of 20 minutes duration and its fate was followed for 40 hours. The fruit capsules were harvested into boiling 80 per cent (v/v) methanol to stop any response to injury as they were broken open and their contents were extracted with methanol and dimethyl sulphoxide in succession. Sucrose and other small precursors entered the methanol extract. 

Sprain and strain was, by far, the leading nature, or physical effect, of injury and illness in every major industry division, ranging from over 33 percent in agriculture, forestry, and fishing to over 50 percent in services and in transportation and public utilities [p. 3],... 

It can be concluded that in cases in which ATP synthesis cannot be demonstrated or P 0 ratios are unusually low, the mitochondria probably reflect the effects of injury during preparation or the presence of uncoupling agents. When due precautions are taken to avoid these influences, the mitochondria of developing systems are as efficient as those from adult tissues. The level of respiration and the amount of ATP synthesized may vary, but mitochondria from embryonic tissues do not seem to differ qualitatively from those of the adult. 

Figure 12.1 Effects of injury (with acknowiedgement to Daryl Cooper, 1986)...

Numerous studies have examined the effectiveness of injury and illness prevention programs at both the establishment and corporate levels (e.g., Alsop and LeCouteur, 1999 Bunn et al., 2001. Conference Board,... 

These strategies are concerned with minimising the effects of injuries as quickly as possible following an accident. They will include the provision and maintenance of first-aid services, procedures for the rapid hospitalisation of injured persons, and possibly, a scheme for rehabilitation following major injury. 

Jaison PL, Cao Z, Panjwani N (1998) Binding of Acanthamoeba to mannose-glycoproteins of corneal epithelium effect of injury. Curr Eye Res 17 770 6. 

Xu CB, Stavenow L, Pessah-Rasmussen H Interactions between cultured bovine arterial endothelial and smooth muscle cells further studies on the effects of injury and modification of the consequences of injury. Artery 1993,20 163-179. 

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