Dysentery, remedies

Kurchi bark is principally used in India as a remedy for amoebic dysentery, and in recent years there has been a revival of medical interest in the drug in this eonneetion. It is generally used in the form of a bark extract but, in imitation of emetine bismuth iodide, kurchi bismuth iodide, consisting of the bismuth iodides of the mixed alkaloids of the bark, has also been used. On the pharmaceutical side Datta and Bal have studied the pharmacognosy of the bark and a method of alkaloidal assay has been devised by Schroff and Dhir, who have also described a process for the preparation of kurchi bismuth iodide, a product for which they, and also Mukherjee and Dutta, have provided methods of assay. 

Native to tropical America, sweet potato (I. batatas) is a perennial morning glory vine that has been cultivated for over 5,000 years for its edible tubers in Mexico, Central and lowland South America, and the West Indies. Today, sweet potato is cultivated around the world, especially in developing countries (Plate 4). A decoction made from the leaves of this plant is used in folk remedies as a gargle to treat mouth and throat tumors, and poultices are prepared for inflammatory tumors (64). In Mexico, leaf decoctions are considered to be of cold nature , to reduce excessive body heat, contemporarily defined as such illnesses as diarrhea, dysentery, heart disease, stomach distress, fever, and gastrointestinal infection. In Chinese traditional medicine, the tubers have been used as a medicinal herb to eliminate secretion in perceived abnormal quantities of blood or other body fluids (79). 

Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. C. difformis L. C. glomeratus L. C. iria L. Sha Cao (rhizome) Allelopathic essential oils, terpenes, alpha-cyperone, beta-selinene, alpha-humulene.60197 198 A vermifuge, antidote, remedy for dysentery, alleviate stress, sedative. 

Pyrrosia adnascens (Sw.) Ching Shu Long (frond) Amygdalin, tannins, formic acid, tartaric acid, arbutin.56,60 225 Treat burns, a remedy for dysentery, diuretic, nerve pain. 

The antidiarrhoeal drug ipecac, which was introduced into Europe from Brazil in 1658, contains the amoebicidal alkaloids emetine (12) and cephaeline. Emetine remained the major remedy for amoebic dysentery and amoebic hepatitis for many years. Cephaeline is less active and more toxic. ( j-2-Dehydroemetine, which is made by synthesis, is equiactive with (—)-emetine and less toxic, but other chemical modification has not yielded better amoebicides. From investigations of synthetic routes to the benzoquinolizine moiety the tranquilizer tetrabenazine (13a) was discovered. The very similar compound benzquinamide (13b) is also a tranquilizer and antiemetic. 

Many species of phyllanthus have been used in Ayurvedic medicine for more than 2000 years. It is a traditional remedy for ailments such as jaundice, dysentery, diabetes, skin ulcers, and urinary tract infections. Phyllanthus s principal constituents — lignans, alkaloids, and bioflavonoids — have been found to act primarily on the liver, which confirms its traditional use in the treatment of jaundice. Phyllanthus amarus attracted the attention of Nobel prize winner Baruch Blumberg. He and others studied its uses in preventing hepatitis B and devised a vaccine. 

Baccharis salicifolia The green leaves/leafy branches of B. salicifolia are applied externally as a remedy for inflammation, diarrhea, and dysentery. 

Ipecac ( Brazil root ) was long employed by the native people of Brazil in the treatment of diarrhea. It was sold as a secret remedy to the French government in 1658, and its use in dysentery rapidly spread throughout Europe and India. Its employment was entirely empirical until 1912 when Vedder demonstrated the in vitro efficacy of emetine against E. histolytica and suggested that ipecac be used in amebic infections. The source of ipecac is the dried root or rhizome of C. ipecacuanha or C. acuminata, plants native to Brazil and Central America, but also cultivated in India, the Straits Settlements, and the Federated Malay States (see Grollman, 1962). 

Source Prescriptions for diarrhea and dysentery diarrhea and upset stomach, upset stomach, constipation, and gas biliousness and as a laxative and a fever remedy of quinine in solution from USD, Eleventh edition (Philadelphia J. B. Lippincott, 1858), pp. 1514, 1515, 1515, 1513, and 1515, respectively. 

Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. [umnyamatsi. Cape ash] (Mehaeeae) bark deeoetion is nsed for heartbnm (as an anti-aeid). Roots eontain polyphenols, saponins and terpenoids (18). The roots are also nsed in a remedy for dysentery (17). 

Generally in West Africa, the fruit is widely used in traditional remedies for the treatment of disease conditions including convulsion, gastric ulcer, rheumatism, fevers, whitlow, skin rashes, smallpox, malaria and dysentery (2, 39, 40, 104). It is also used to manage diabetes and cardiovascular diseases like hypertension and stroke in some parts of Ghana (Amoako-Atta, CBUD Director, KNUST, personal communication). The fruits are used to flavor foods and alcoholic beverages 2, 40). 

Brazil root" (Cephaelis ipecacuanha), now known as Ipecac, was used by the natives of Brazil several hundred years ago as a cure for diarrhea. It was sold as a secret remedy to the French in 1658. It was not until 1912 that Vedder demonstrated that its effectiveness was due mainly to one of its components, emetine, that killed Eschericia histolytica, which we now know as one of the major causes of amoebic dysentery. 

Remedy Ibr Diarrhea. Tincture of opium, spirits of camphor, essence of peppermint, ethereal tincture of capiscum, of each i ounce syrup of kino, 1 ounce ncu-tralixing cordial, 2 ounces (see A o. 5G33) brandy, 2 ounces. Mix. Dose, one tablo-Bpoonlul, may be given every twenty minutes if tho COSO is urgent. In dysentery givo 1 table-spoonful 3 times a day. This is an excellent remedy. 

It is known, among other vernacular names, as "Hierba de San Nicolas", and "Hierba del Tabardillo". The decoction of the leaves and flowers, but also the roots, is drunk as a remedy against gastrointestinal disorders, specially stomachache, dysentery and diarrhea. A preparation of the branches by rectal administration reduces fever and the decoction is drunk for the same purpose in the case of typhus [13]. 

Traditional use Used in Iran and other eastern countries as a laxative and antipyretic (Khalmatov 1964). An infusion of the roots is used to treat liver diseases and stomach and duodenal ulcers as well as diuretic. A galenic preparation of the aboveground parts is used to treat colitis, gastritis, stomach ulcers, dysentery, cervical erosion, to heal wounds, to treat inflammation of the ear, nose and throat, as a choleretic, to quench thirst, to reduce sweating and as an antipyretic, antiinflammatory, and cough remedy (Karimov and Shomakhmudov 1993). 

Traditional use Fruits are widely used as a tonic, choleretic, and as a remedy for scurvy. An infusion of the fruits with honey is used to treat upper respiratory colds and coughs. A decoction of the roots is drunk to treat diarrhea. A decoction of the leaves is taken to treat dysentery and as a diuretic (Khodzhimatov 1989). The hips from this and related species are used to prevent scurvy and avitaminosis, to treat arteriosclerosis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, and gastrointestinal diseases, particularly with reduced bile production (Altimishev 1991). Oil of rose is used externally to treat cracked and injured nipples of breast feeding women, bedsores, trophic ulcers of the shins, and dermatosis (Muravyova 1978). The fruits are used to treat lung tuberculosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, flu, and sore throat (Zakordonets 1953). 

IVaditional use Fresh fruits, infusion of the dried fruits, syrup or jam, or taken with tea, are widely used to quench the thirst, as a tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, and sedative, as a remedy to increase the appetite, and to treat chronic gastritis and enterocolitis, stomach and duodenum ulcers, hver diseases, the flu, sore throats, pneumonia, stomatitis, dysentery, typhoid and fever. Water extracts, infusions or tea of the leaves and roots, is commonly used to treat stomach ulcers, chronic gastritis, and kidney stones (Nuraliev 1989). A decoction of the fruits, leaves, and branches is taken to treat cystitis, pyelitis, bronchitis, diabetes, urinary incontinence, eczema, vitiligo, psoriasis, fungal skin diseases, hair loss, and dnring menopanse (Knrochkin 1998). 

As we encountered earlier, Fischer indole synthesis methodology has been used to synthesize the plant alkaloid rutaecarpine (110) and many analogues of this COX-2 inhibitor. Several examples are shown in Scheme 45. Equation 1 is a simple synthesis of rutaecarpine itself [332]. This plant alkaloid, found in Evodia rutaecarpa, has long been used in Asian folk medicine for treating inflammation. The plant Wu-Chu-Yu has been employed as a remedy for gastrointestinal disorders, headache, dysentery, and postpartum hemorrhage. Several halogenated and... 

Chemotherapy is defined as the use of chemicai agents to destroy infectious or abnormai ceiis selectively without simultaneously destroying normai host ceiis. Aithough it may be difficuit to beiieve in this age of wonder drugs, chemotherapy is a reiatively modern phenomenon, indeed, before 1900 there were oniy three specific remedies known for treating disease in any form mercury (for syphiiis, but with often disastrous resuits ), cinchona bark (i.e., quinine, for maiaria), and ipecacuanha (for dysentery). 

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