Infections gastrointestinal,

Fluid replacement is the cornerstone of therapy for diarrhea regardless of etiology. 

The maintenance phase should not exceed 100 to 150 mL/kg/day and is generally adjusted to equal stool losses. 

The bacterial species most commonly associated with GI infection and infectious diarrhea in the United States are Shigella spp.. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.. Yersinia spp., Escherichia spp., Clostridium spp., and Staphylococcus spp. 

Antibiotics are not essential in the treatment of most mild diarrheas, and empirical therapy for acute GI infections may result in unnecessary 

TABLE 39-1 Clinical Assessment of Degree of Dehydration in Children Based on Percentage of Body Weight LossT  

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Over the last several years, substantial progress in the discovery and development of anthelmintic dmgs has been made. Effective agents are available for most human gastrointestinal infections (Table 1) however, dmgs that are effective in treating the extraintestinal complications of many helminthic infections are still needed. 

Signs and symptoms Headache, fatigue, dyspnea, pallor, and tachycardia may also present with fever, upper respiratory or gastrointestinal infection symptoms. 

Describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of the various gastrointestinal infections. 

Develop an individualized treatment plan given a patient with each of the gastrointestinal infections. 

Describe the role of antimicrobial prophylaxis and/or vaccination for gastrointestinal infections. 

From Martin S, Jung R. Gastrointestinal infections and enterotoxigenic poisonings. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 2037. 

Chap. 73 - Gastrointestinal Infections Universal Program Number 014-999-07-088-H04... 

Sisson, P. R. Kramer, J. M. Brett, M. M. Freeman, R. Gilbert, R. J. Lightfoot, N. F. Application of pyrolysis mass spectrometry to the investigation of outbreaks of food poisoning and non-gastrointestinal infection associated with Bacillus species and Clostridium perfringens. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1992,17, 57-66. 

Fantry L Gastrointestinal infections in the immunocompromised host. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2001 17 40-45. 

Procop GW Gastrointestinal infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001 15 1073-1108. 

Rifaximin is a synthetic rifamycin derivative, which acts by inhibiting bacterial ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis [48]. It is virtually unabsorbed after oral administration and is, therefore, used primarily to treat gastrointestinal infections. Rifaximin possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, both arerobic and anaerobic [49], Several studies [44, 49-62] have shown that in patients with HE rifaximin displays an efficacy similar to that of lactulose and neomycin (table 1). A recently published study [62] compared the efficacy and safety of... 

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