Duodenum ulcer

Drugs of this kind are used for treating stomach and duodenum ulcers and hypersecre-tive conditions. 

Ranitidine is a second-generation H2-receptor-blocking drug. Like cimetidine, ranitidine suppresses both basal and stimulated hydrochloric acid produced by food, histamine, gastrin, and acetylcholine. It simultaneously reduces pepsin activity and is used for treating stomach and duodenum ulcers as well as other conditions accompanied by elevated acidity of the gastrointestinal tract. Synonyms of this drag are zantac, azantac, raniplex, ranidil, and others. 

Like other drugs described above, nizatidine is used for treating stomach and duodenum ulcers and other conditions accompanied by elevated acidity of the gastrointestinal tract. Synonyms of this drug are axid and pulvules. 

It is used for pellagra (avitaminosis PP), atherosclerosis, liver disease, stomach and duodenum ulcers, and prolonged, nonhealing wounds and ulcers. Synonyms of this drag are niconacid, pemivit, enzycol, niacin, and others. 

Very successful Cararact Duodenum ulcer Halitosis Hangover Receding gum Stomach ulcer... 

Traditional use This species has been used for centuries. Avicenna used the leaves as a hemostatic, to heal wounds, tumors, eye inflammation, chronic skin ulcers, and elephantitis as well as for liver and kidney diseases. In more recent times the plant has been used to treat lung tuberculosis, pertussis, stomach catarrh with low acidity, acute gastritis, enterocolitis, stomach and duodenum ulcers, and as a hemostatic (Khahnatov et al. 1984). A tea made from the dried leaves is used to treat coughing, diarrhea, dysentery (with tea from seeds is most effective), inflammation of the bladder, and malaria, and as an expectorant (Altimishev 1991). 

Documented effects The closely related species Polemonium caeruleum L. contains saponins that act as an expectorant. The plant has also been shown to have hemostatic effects and acts as a highly effective sedative (8-10 times that of Valeriana), but can be fatal to experimental animals at high doses. Preparations are used as expectorants, sedatives, treatments for stomach and duodenum ulcers, epilepsy, and chronic and acute bronchitis (Akopov 1990). 

Traditional use Fruits and leaves are used to treat anemia and edema, and as a light laxative. Fresh fruits are used to decrease blood pressure, to treat heart and liver diseases and atherosclerosis. A decocotion of the young branches is drunk to treat children s diabetes and skin tuberculosis (Poludenny and Zhuravlev 2000). A decoction of the fruits is used as a diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic. The fresh juice is used to treat stomach and duodenum ulcers and gastritis with low stomach acidity mixed with honey it is used to treat respiratory diseases. Leaves are used in a tea to treat skin and bladder diseases, kidney stones, rheumatism, common colds, and also as a diuretic (Khahnatov et al. 1984). 

IVaditional use Fresh fruits, infusion of the dried fruits, syrup or jam, or taken with tea, are widely used to quench the thirst, as a tonic, diaphoretic, diuretic, laxative, and sedative, as a remedy to increase the appetite, and to treat chronic gastritis and enterocolitis, stomach and duodenum ulcers, hver diseases, the flu, sore throats, pneumonia, stomatitis, dysentery, typhoid and fever. Water extracts, infusions or tea of the leaves and roots, is commonly used to treat stomach ulcers, chronic gastritis, and kidney stones (Nuraliev 1989). A decoction of the fruits, leaves, and branches is taken to treat cystitis, pyelitis, bronchitis, diabetes, urinary incontinence, eczema, vitiligo, psoriasis, fungal skin diseases, hair loss, and dnring menopanse (Knrochkin 1998). 

In general, ulcers related to HP infection more commonly affect the duodenum whereas ulcers related to NSAIDs more frequently affect the stomach. However, ulcers maybe found in either location from either cause. Gastric ulcers (GUs) tend to occur much later in life than duodenal ulcers (DUs), with the peak incidence of GU occurring in patients over 60 years of age. Malignancy is more commonly found with GU than DU. 

EGD Multiple superficial ulcerations in the duodenum largest ulcer measures 2 cm in diameter no active bleeding noted. 

Peptic ulcers Ulcer of the digestive tract, caused by digestion of the mucosa by acid and pepsin. May occur in, for example, the duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or the stomach (gastric ulcer)... 

Decubitus ulcer (e.g. bed sores, pressure sores) Diabetic ulcers Varicose ulcers Rodent ulcers Peptic ulcers Ulcer due to continuous pressure exerted on a particular area of skin often associated with bed-ridden patients Ulcers (e.g. diabetic leg ) caused by complications of diabetes Due to defective circulation, sometimes associated with varicose veins An ulcerous cancer (basal cell carcinoma), usually affecting the face Ulcer of the digestive tract, caused by digestion of the mucosa by acid and pepsin may occur in e.g. the duodenum (duodenal ulcer), or the stomach (gastric ulcer)... 

Duodenal Ulcer An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). 

Paralytic ileus and ulceration of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum, or small intestine may occur. 

Mechanism of Action An antiulcer agent that forms an ulcer-adherent complex with proteinaceous exudate, such as albumin, at ulcer site. Also forms a viscous, adhesive barrier on the surface of intact mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. Therapeutic Effect Protects damaged mucosa from further destruction by absorbing gastric acid, pepsin, and bile salts. 

Postmortem examinations of persons who died as a result of exposure to H have shown depletion of lymphoid cells in the spleen, thymus, and other lymphatic organs depletion of hematopoietic cells of the bone marrow necrosis and desquamation of epithelium in the small intestine acute ulceration of the duodenum membranous laryn-gotracheobronchitls and pulmonary edema, congestion, and patchy emphysema that may be complicated by bronchopneumonia or other evidence of pulmonary infection.2>47... 

H2 Antagonists and the Treatment of Peptic Ulcers. Treatment of peptic ulcers is a complicated and multilevel therapy in which Hj antagonists are very successful and widely used (and abused). Peptic ulcers may affect either the stomach (gastric ulcers, less common overall but more common in people with iatrogenic [i.e., physician-induced] ulcers from the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs]) or the duodenum (duodenal ulcers). The lining of the stomach or duodenum is attacked by the digestive juices to such an extent that the protective mucous layer on the surface has... 

Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of Enterosgel to rats with experimental peptic ulcer and ulcerative colitis, significantly decreased the number and surface area of lesions on gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) mucosa and reduced the severity of the syndrome of endogenous intoxication that accompanied these injuries [21, 22]. The first evidence of clinical use of Enterosgel in combined therapy of peptic gastric ulcer and duodenum was reported by S.M. Tkach, who had noted that enterosorp-tion significantly reduced the number of side effects of treatment, and the rate of Helicobacter eradication increased from 83.3 to 93.3% [23]. 

Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that lives in the human stomach and duodenum. The bacterium is generally recognized as one of the etiological agents of peptic ulcer. Therefore, it is generally accepted that ulcer patients with H. pylori infection require treatment with antimicrobial agents in addition to anti-secretory drugs, whether on first... 

Slippery elm has demulcent, emollient, nutritive, and antitussive properties. Traditionally, it is used for inflammation or ulceration of the stomach or duodenum, convalescence, colitis, diarrhea, and locally for abscesses, boils, and ulcers (as a poultice). 

The proton pump (H+K+ATPase) of the apical membrane of the parietal cells is the ultimate mechanism that governs acid secretion. Among a family of benzimidazole derivatives, omeprazole (Losec) promotes the healing of ulcers in the stomach, duodenum, and esophagus, and is of special value in patients who do not respond to H2-receptor antagonists. 

In 1972 we found that injections of propionitrile (Figure 1) consistently produced solitary, often perforating duodenal ulcers in the rat (5.). These lesions occurred 3-5 mm from the pylorus of the stomach, mostly - as in humans - on the anterior wall of the duodenum. The ulcers developed 24-48 h after the initial administration of propionitrile and frequently penetrated into the liver or pancreas ( ). 

The lesion in the duodenum developed even more rapidly (e.g., perforation in 24 h after a single dose) and more predictably than with propionitrile. Acetanilide was the first aryl chemical noted to cause duodenal ulcer ( 18). Subsequently, 3,4-toluenediamine ( ) and 3,4-toluenedithiol (20) were also shown to induce duodenal ulcers and occasionally adrenal necrosis in rats. 

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