Dysentery amoebic

Bismuth compounds were once employed for the treatment of amoebic dysentery, certain skin diseases, and several spirochetal diseases besides syphilis, but these substances are now seldom considered the dmgs of choice. Various insoluble preparations of bismuth, especially the subcarbonate, subnitrate, subgaHate, subcitrate, and subsahcylate, are stiU employed for the treatment of ulcers and other gastrointestinal disorders, even though use for these purposes is often supported largely by tradition. With a few possible exceptions, it is now difficult to justify the presence of bismuth compounds in a modem therapeutic armamentarium. A review of the biological activity of organobismuth compounds has been pubHshed (179). 

Kurchi bark is principally used in India as a remedy for amoebic dysentery, and in recent years there has been a revival of medical interest in the drug in this eonneetion. It is generally used in the form of a bark extract but, in imitation of emetine bismuth iodide, kurchi bismuth iodide, consisting of the bismuth iodides of the mixed alkaloids of the bark, has also been used. On the pharmaceutical side Datta and Bal have studied the pharmacognosy of the bark and a method of alkaloidal assay has been devised by Schroff and Dhir, who have also described a process for the preparation of kurchi bismuth iodide, a product for which they, and also Mukherjee and Dutta, have provided methods of assay. 

CA C1 C01.050 Histolysain Potential drug target for amoebic dysentery... 

Arsenic compounds have been used in medicine since the time of Hippocrates, ca. 400 BCE (Woolson 1975). Inorganic arsenicals have been used for centuries, and organoarsenicals for at least a century in the treatment of syphilis, yaws, amoebic dysentery, and trypanosomiasis (NAS... 

Dr. Burton threw back his head and looked at the sky. Mac, he said. Look at the physiological injustice, the injustice of tetanus [...], the (30) gangster methods of amoebic dysentery—that s my field. ... 

Another group of compounds, the tetracyclines, are made by fermentation procedures or by chemical modifications of the natural product. The hydrochloride salts are used most commonly for oral administration and are usually encapsulated because of their bitter taste. Controlled catalytic hydrogenolysis of chlortetracycline, a natural product, selectively removes the 7-chloro atom and produces tetracycline. Doxycycline and minocycline are other important antibacterials. Tetracycline can be prescribed for people allergic to penicillin. Doxycycline prevents traveler s diarrhea. Tetracyclines help many infections including Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, urinary tract infections, bronchitis, amoebic dysentery, and acne. 

Metronidazole is a nitro-imidazole. It is a mixed amoebicide, i.e. it acts at all sites of infection. It has to be activated in the parasite. By reduction in the amoeba of its nitro group reactive intermediates are formed, resulting in oxidative damage and ultimately cell kill. It is effective against many parasitic intestinal and tissue infections such as trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. It is the drug of choice for amoebic dysentery and amoebic liver abscess. 

The most important biologically active 4,7-phenanthroline is 4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (112), known as phanquone, Entobex, which is used medicinally as an amoebicide. It is active also against bacteria, protozoa, and other parasites.390 Several closely related derivatives are also highly active.224, 250, 251,258-261, 390,538,539 Phanquone is used particularly in treating amoebic dysentery and is often used in combination with other antibiotics.540-542 The effect of 4,7-phenanthroline-5,6-dione and its relatives on cell metabolism has been investigated.543 It has also been reported to be mutagenic.544... 

The antidiarrhoeal drug ipecac, which was introduced into Europe from Brazil in 1658, contains the amoebicidal alkaloids emetine (12) and cephaeline. Emetine remained the major remedy for amoebic dysentery and amoebic hepatitis for many years. Cephaeline is less active and more toxic. ( j-2-Dehydroemetine, which is made by synthesis, is equiactive with (—)-emetine and less toxic, but other chemical modification has not yielded better amoebicides. From investigations of synthetic routes to the benzoquinolizine moiety the tranquilizer tetrabenazine (13a) was discovered. The very similar compound benzquinamide (13b) is also a tranquilizer and antiemetic. 

Amoebiasis. Infection of the gut (amoebic dysentery) or liver (amoebic hepatitis) by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica. 

Kanani SR, Knight R. Amoebic dysentery precipitated by corticosteroids. BMJ 1969 3(662) 114. 

Both emetine and the synthetic 2,3-dehydroemetine (Figure 6.68) have been useful as anti-amoebics, particularly in the treatment of amoebic dysentery. However, they also cause... 

Elsdondew R, Powell SP, Wilmot AJ (1957) Diphetarsone in the treatment of acute amoebic dysentery. J Trop Med Hyg 60 16-18... 

Alangium lamarckii is a medicinal plant that accumulates tetrahydroisoquinoline monoterpene alkaloids for the production of compounds such as emetine, a constituent of ipecacuantha emetic mixture that is used to for the treatment of drug overdose. Historically, this mixture has also been used to treat amoebic dysentery by South American Indians. 

The root of the ipecac is commonly used as an expectorant in the treatment of bronchitis, croup, asthma amoebacide and whooping cough, as an emetic in cases of poisoning, and an amoebacide in amoebic dysentery. It has appeared in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (2001) as ipecac, powdered ipecac and ipecac S)nxip [6]. The ipecac is rich in isoquinoline alkaloids such as emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine. 

Symptoms of amoebic dysentery are associated with mucosal invasion and ulceration. Mucosal erosion causes diarrhoea, the severity of which increases with the level of invasion and colonization. Symptoms can also be affected by the site of the infection. Peritonitis as a result of perforation has been reported in connection with severe amoebic infection. Extra-intestinal amoebiasis is usually associated with liver infection, causing abscesses and/or enlargement. The abscess appears as a slowly enlarging liver mass and will cause noticeable pain. Jaundice may also occur due to blockage of the bile. Pleural, pulmonary, and pericardial infection results from metastatic spread from the liver, but can also manifest in other parts of the viscera or give rise to a brain abscess. However, these complications are uncommon. 

One genus of amoebae responsible for a number of diseases are the Entamoeba, found particularly in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, E. histolytica invades and destroys the tissues of the gut wall causing amoebic dysentery and ulceration of the gut wall. Infection of the liver by this species causes amoebic hepatitis, E. gingivalis, found within the spaces between the teeth, is associated with periodontal disease and gingivitis. 

More serious microbial infections, such as typhoid and cholera, and parasitic infections, such as giardiasis and amoebic dysentery, may be contracted in tropical and subtropical areas. 

Three dimeric alkaloids from Alstonia angusHfoHa, macrocarpamine (293), macralstonine acetate and villalstonine (289) possess significant in vitro activity against Entamoeba histolytica and Plasmodium falciparum, protozoans causing amoebic dysentery and cerebral malaria, respectively [211]. The EDso/gM of the compounds against . histolytica were macrocarpamine... 

The extracts of the plants of the genus Holarrhena have been used in the Ayurvedic medicine for over 1500 years in the Indian subcontinent for the treatment of parasitic infections. An important plant of this class is H. antidysenterica, whose bark has been used to treat amoebic dysentery in man. The extract of the bark of this plant, called kurchi, conessi or telicherry bark, contains several alkaloids of which the major one is conessine (8) [32,33]. This alkaloid has been used in the treatment of intestinal and extraintestinal amoebiasis in humans [34,35]. However, neither conessine nor its structural analogues find use in the modern therapy of human amoebiasis [36]. 

Vanadium compounds containing thiosemicarbazide- and hydrazide-derived ligands, such as 26 and 27 in Figure 5.15, exhibit antiamoebic activity against Entamoeba histolytica. This water-borne amoebic protozoan parasitises the human intestines and in some cases other visceral organs, especially the liver. It is the aetiological agent of amoebiasis (also known as amoebic dysentery) and thus responsible for amoebic colitis and intestinal and liver abscesses. Symptomatic patients typically suffer from abdominal pain, diarrhoea... 

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