Nobel Prize winners

The first commercial synthesis of a vitamin occurred ia 1933 when the Reichsteia approach was employed to manufacture vitamin C (6). AH 13 vitamins ate available ia commercial quantities, and their biological functions have largely been estabUshed (7). A Hst of Nobel prize winners associated with vitamin research is given ia Table 2. 

Ref. 5, Chap. 29, pp. 803-43. See also E. Farber, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry 1901 1961, Abelard-Schuman, London, Marie Sklodowska Curie, pp. 45-8. F. C. Wood, Marie Curie, in E. Farber (ed.). Great Chemists, pp. 1263-75. Interscience, New York, 1961. 

Under his guidance, the chemistry department at Berkeley became perhaps the most prestigious in the country. Among the faculty and graduate students that he attracted were five future Nobel Prize winners Harold Urey in 1934, William Giauque in 1949, Glenn Seaborg in 1951, Willard Libby in 1960, and Melvin Calvin in 1961. 

Table 1. Nobel Prize winners in organic synthesis and related fields.15...

N. H. cie V. Heathcote, Nobel Prize Winners in Physics 1901-1950, Henry Schuman, New Yosk, 1953, page 141. 

BET method. The most commonly used method for determining the specific surface area is the so-called BET method, which obtained its name from three Nobel prize winners Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (1938). It is a modification of the Langmuir theory, which, besides monolayer adsorption, also considers multilayer adsorption. The equation allows easy calculation of the surface area, commonly referred to as the BET surface area ( bet). From the isotherms also pore-radii and pore-volumes can be calculated (from classical equation for condensation in the pores). 

Richard Feynman loved to play the bongos. He also loved solving problems. He figured out the reason for the space shuttle Challenger s 1986 explosion by showing that cold weather caused the rubber seals of the booster rocket to fail. Feynman was one of the twentieth century s great theoretical physicists, a Nobel Prize winner who spent much of his career studying atoms. He knew as much about atoms as anyone in the world, and this is what he said about them in his book Six Easy Pieces ... 

In a footnote, Miller thanked the Nobel Prize winner Harold C. Urey for supervising his Ph.D. thesis work. Thus, this experiment became known as the Miller-Urey experiment (Sect. 4.1). Not only was the broader public impressed by these results, but also the small group of scientists who were more or less closely involved with... 

The term chemical evolution" was introduced by the Nobel Prize winner Melvin Calvin and refers to the process of the synthesis of biochemically important molecules from small molecules and certain chemical elements under the (hypothetical) conditions present on prebiotic Earth. It is assumed that the smaller building block molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids or nucleobases were formed initially, and that these underwent polycondensation to give macromolecules in later stages of development. 

The discovery of the deep sea hydrothermal systems, and the sulphur-metabolising bacteria which live in them, caused some researchers to look more closely at the element sulphur. It seemed obvious to consider a link between sulphur bacteria— primitive life forms—and the emergence of the simplest forms of life, de Duve, 1974 Nobel Prize winner for medicine, joined the ranks of the biogenesis researchers in the 1980s. 

E. J. Corey (Harvard University, 1990 Chemistry Nobel Prize winner)... 

Ernest Rutherford, Frederick Soddy, and then Sir William Ramsay documented natural transformations of one element into another in 1902 and 1903. The artificial transmutation of one element into another, however, was first accomplished in 1919 by Rutherford, a physicist. Indeed, the field of nuclear physics has contributed the most to our understanding of the subatomic world since the 1920s. But the scientists who most advocated transmutation as a goal of research and a heuristic principle for understanding the nature of matter—the Nobel Prize winners Ramsay and Soddy, and, in a less prominent way, Sir William Crookes—were chemists, not physicists.1... 

Bernard Ephraim Julius Pagel was bom in Berlin on 4 January 1930, but when his father was dismissed from his post as Jewish persecution increased, the family moved to Britain in 1933. From Merchant Taylors School he won an open scholarship in Natural Sciences at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, graduating with First-class honours in Physics in 1950. His early research at Cambridge (Ph.D. 1955) centred on the solar atmosphere. Inspired by Willy Fowler, a future Nobel Prize winner who was visiting from California, he started a life-long interest in the abundances of the chemical elements. 

The Development of Modern Chemistry. Harper and Row, New York, 1964, xii + 851 pp. including illustrations, Appendixes, (Discovery of the Elements, Discovery of Natural Radioactive Isotopes, Radioactive Decay Series, Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine), and Bibliographic Notes. 

See R. Sachtleben, "Nobel Prize Winners Descended from Liebig," JChem.Ed. 35 (1958) 7375. 

Alfred Kastler and Yves Noel, in Hommage a Albert Kirrmann, 18-page reprint, courtesy of ENS Bibiotheque des Lettres. Walter Sullivan, "Dr. Alfred Kastler, 81, Nobel Prize Winner, Dies," New York Times, January 6, 1984. Sullivan says there were five students admitted hor concours-, Kastler says there were eight. 

Armstrong s pupils included Ida Smedley (later Maclean), William J. Pope, Lapworth, Lowry, and F. P. Worley (later professor of chemistry at Auckland University in New Zealand). Smedley and Lapworth each were to teach at Manchester, where one of Lapworth s students was Robinson, the later 1947 Nobel Prize winner. Lowry became the first professor of physical chemistry at Cambridge University (1920), where Pope was Jacksonian Professor of Chemistry after teaching at the Manchester Municipal School of Technology in the early 1900s. 

Sullivan, Walter. "Dr. Alfred Kastler, 81, Nobel Prize Winner, Dies." New York Times (6 January 1984). 

Chemists commonly use a process called X-ray diffraction to determine the structure of a compound. Two pioneers of X-ray diffraction were Rosalind Franklin and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin. Franklin s work on the DNA molecule was instrumental in the discovery of its helical shape. Nobel Prize winner Hodgkin discovered the structure of complex molecules, such as cholesterol, penicillin, insulin, and vitamin B-12. Find out about X-ray diffraction how it works and the types of scientists who employ this technology. 

Giulio Natta, Nobel prize winner for chemistry in 1963, died in Bergamo, Italy on May 2, 1979. His scientific interest was originally centered on the use of X rays for the determination of the crystalline structure of organic and inorganic materials. 

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