Cough remedies

Uses. In many cases cyanoacetic acid, cyanoacetates, or cyanoacetamide can be used alternatively. The traded cyanoacetic acid is mainly iatended for the synthesis of the cough remedy dextromethorphan [125-71-3] (31) (61) (see Expectorants, antitussives, and related agents) and of the fungicide cymoxanil [57966-95-7] (32) (62) (see Fungicides,agricultural). 

Camphor is used in acne medications, cough remedies, ear drops, and other medications where its ability to soothe the skin helps it to counter the effects of other ingredients that might otherwise be irritants. 

The first limited list proposals were annoimced in November 1984 and proposed that a list of 31 products was adequate to meet all clinical needs in the seven therapeutic areas of indigestion remedies, laxatives, analgesics, cold and cough remedies, vitamin preparations, tonics and benzodiazepines. In the event, when the proposals became operational in April 1985, the initial list had been expanded to 129 products, and later to 160 products. The remaining products reimbursable on the NHS could only be dispensed if prescribed by their generic as opposed to their brand names. 

Are solid preparation consisting mainly of sugar and gum and ensures slow release of medicaments and generally used for local action e.g. cough remedies - Strepcils, Vocacil. 

One of the more benign ancillary activities of morphine lies in its activity in suppressing the cough reflex. Catalytic reduction of codeine (1-2) leads to the dihydro derivative (4-1). Oppenauer oxidation of the hydroxyl group leads to hydrocodone (4-2) [3], a compound used extensively in cough remedies it is of note, however, that this drug retains considerable opioid activity. 

Scopalia dulcis L. Tian Zhu Cao (whole plant) Amellin, dulciol, hexacosanol, mannitol, beta-sitosterol, mannitol, tannins, hexacosanol, salicylic acid, scopanol, dulcilone, tetulinic acid, ifflaionic acid.50-86 A cough remedy, induce labor, used as an opium substitute. Therapeutic action in diabetes in some reports. 

N.A. Cardamine pratensis L. Minerals, vitamin C.274 Stimulate appetite, ease indigestion, cough remedy. 

The most commonly abused prescription drugs are opioids and opiates such as oxycodone and morphine, central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and stimulants such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Brand-name painkillers such as Vicodin and OxyContin, depressants such as Valium and Xanax, and stimulants such as Ritalin and Dexedrine are commonly abused (as are some OTC cough remedies). Although helpful and safe when used appropriately, these drugs can cause serious harm when taken in unapproved ways. 

Leinwand, D., Latest trend in drug abuse youths risk death for cough-remedy high, USA Today, p. 1A, December 29, 2003. 

Benefits The herb is an aromatic bitter that has been used to stimulate digestive juices. The herb is also a traditional expectorant. Folklore This herb was used as far back as ancient Egyptian times as a cough remedy. More recently it has been made into candy cough sweets. At one time horehound ale was brewed particularly in the East Anglia region of the United en used in liqueurs (Bown, 2003 British Gruenwald et al., 2002 Hutchens, 1973). 

The levels of Elephantopus spicatus [syw. Pseudelephantopus spicatus C.F. Baker, Vernon-ieae] are used for the treatment of cough and headache. Applied topically, they are employed as an antipyretic, for the treatment of erysipelas, skin infections, and measles. A preparation made from the roots is taken as a remedy for colic the whole plant helps against diarrhea. It is one of the most popular cough remedies of middle America. 

Coltsfoot leaves are used in a decoction of 1 ounce to 1 1/2 pints of water, simmered down to 1 pint, which is taken in teacupful doses. Its expectorant and demulcent action is of great help in cough remedies when in conjunction with pectorals such as Horehound. The leaves also form a useful constituent of asthma and whooping-cough medicines, and are smoked as a relief against asthma, bronchitis and catarrh. 

The action of Comfrey is similar to that of Marsh Mallow, and consequently it is a popular cough remedy. It is also used as a fomentation in strained and inflammatory conditions of the muscles, and will promote suppuration of boils and other skin eruptions. A decoction is made by boiling 1/2 to 1 ounce of the crushed root in 1 quart of water,... 

For most substances, just their presence in a urine sample means a positive result. Other substances must be present in an amount higher than a certain threshold. According to Dr. Ayotte, a male athlete would have to consume "10 very strong French coffees within 15 min" to go over the 12 mg/L limit for caffeine. Ephedrines and pseudoephedrines, two decongestants that are found in cough remedies and that act as stimulants, have a cut-off level. This allows athletes to take them up to one or two days before a competition. 

Pharmacological antagonism. Sympathomimetics, e.g. amphetamine, phentolamine (present in anorectics and cold and cough remedies) may lead to loss of antihypertensive effect, and indeed to a hypertensive reaction when taken by a patient already on a P-adrenoceptor blocker, due to xmopposed a-adrenergic stimulation. 

Committee on drug use of codeine and dextromethorphan containing cough remedies in children. Pediatrics 1997, 99, 918-920. 

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease occurred in a 38-year-old woman who had occasionally consumed Huamanrripa (Senecio tephrosioides) as a cough remedy for many years (35). She had abdominal pain, jaundice, and anasarca. A hepatic biopsy showed pronounced congestion with a centrilobular predominance, foci of necrosis, and in some areas a reversed lobulation pattern. During the next 13 months she was hospitalized four times with complications of portal hypertension. 

The active ingredients of cough remedies fall into four main categories ... 

Dextromethorphan, a dextro-isomer developed as an orally active antitussive with little or no dependence liability, is the most widely used opioid constituent of OTC cough remedies. 

The sympathomimetics ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are used as decongestants and bronchodilators in cough remedies. 

Compounds used in demulcent cough remedies include glycerol, liquid glucose, syrup, honey and treacle. 

Some cough remedies contain just an antitussive (usually dextromethorphan) or an expectorant (usually guaifenesin), but the majority are mixtures containing up to six ingredients, plus vehicle and flavourings. 

Cough medicines are presently undergoing a revision similar to that seen in the twentieth century when dozens of cough remedies were lost owing to lack of any evidence of efficacy when the introduction of placebo-controlled trials was introduced as a standard way of assessing the efficacy of medicines. The 1899 edition of Merck s Manual of the Materia Medica, which fists aU treatments for the... 

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