Pharmacokinetics drugs

If the entry of a molecule into the body were simply a temporally restricted absorption process, then a steady-state concentration would be achieved given enough time for complete absorption. However, what in fact is observed in drug pharmacokinetics is a complex curve reflecting absorption of the drug into the body and the diminution of the concentration that is absorbed back down to negligible levels. The reason for this complex pattern of rise and fall in... 

Importantly, the currently available transporter models only cover a small fraction of all transporters involved in drug disposition. Other than incorporating current stand-alone transporter models into systemic models to directly predict drug pharmacokinetic properties, continued efforts are still needed to investigate other transporters such as MRP, BCRP, NTCP, and OAT, to get a more complete understanding of the drug pharmacokinetic profile. 

As discussed above, all ADMET aspects are dependent on each other and should all be considered when making predictions. Integrated analysis of different aspects of drug pharmacokinetic profiles is yet another future trend. Ultimately, drug ADMET properties should be predicted based on an integration of a compilation of in silico models reflecting different aspects of the process. 

Physicochemical properties of the drug Pharmacokinetic characterization of the drug Reliability... 

L. Z. Benet, A. Greither, and W. Meister, Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs in patients with cardiac failure, in The Effect of Disease States on Drug Pharmacokinetics (L. Z. Benet, ed.), Academy of Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, D.C, 1976, pp. 33-50. 

Y. C. Tsang, R. Pop, G. P. Hems, and M. Spino, High variability in drug pharmacokinetics complicates determination of bioequivalence, Pharm. Res, 13, 846... 

Unless otherwise noted, all of the adult and children s behavioral scales are given once pretreatment and at least once post-treatment (depending on the trial design, subject drug pharmacokinetics, and length of the trials). Investigators may schedule additional evaluations with these tests, but this is usually not done at less than weekly or biweekly intervals. Many tests provide data on both a total score and... 

P-Clycoprotein Structure, Expression, Mechanism of Transport and Role on Drug Pharmacokinetics... 

Wolohan P.R.N. Clark R.D. Predicting drug pharmacokinetic properties using molecular interaction fields and SIMCA. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, 2003, 17 (1), 65-76. 

The success of treating tumours, especially solid tumours, by systemic therapy depends on various characteristics of the tumour. Besides the importance of intrinsic drug activity and the potential targets within the tumour cells, drug pharmacokinetics and whole body distribution, site of delivery and the ability of site-specific targeting (affinity) are important features. 

Fig. 5. Selection of candidate genes for selection in a either a study examining the role of pharmacogenomics in drug disposition and/or action or alternatively, use as a chnical tool to individualize drug therapy. Those genes prioritized for inclusion should he those shown to contribute markedly to drug pharmacokinetics and/or dynamics.

Subach RA, Marx MA. Drug dosing in acute renal fail-ure the role of renal replacement therapy in altering drug pharmacokinetics. Adv Renal Repl Ther 1997 5 141-7. 

Asberg M Treatment of depression with tricyclic drugs— pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuro-Psychopharmakologie 9[l) 18-26, 1976... 

In this text, the focus of our discussion is on the last issue. To illustrate the problem, we consider the effect of gender on drug pharmacokinetics (see Chapter 3, Chapter 5, Chapter 7, Chapter 10, and Chapter 12) and then address two important gender-related questions the use of medications during pregnancy and the drug treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (see Chapter 14). 

Gender differences in drug pharmacokinetics for females can be summarized as follows ... 

The proper dose of ketoprofen for an optimized zero-order model to obtain the desired drug level pattern to remain in the therapeutic range for 12 h (twice-a-day formulation) was estimated from drug pharmacokinetic parameters [6] by conventional equations [3] on the basis of a one-compartment open model and was found to be 1 lOmg. 

Fish possess a large number of unique features that differentiate them both structurally and functionally from other vertebrates. Many of these biological features, including the gills, blood circulation and blood characteristics, and hepatic, renal, and digestive functions, are critical to drug pharmacokinetics. 

In some cases, the same disease states exert no effect on drug pharmacokinetics as with amoxycillin and chloramphenicol in calves, and ampicillin and sulfamethazole in goats. Although feverish pigs show reduced elimination half-lives when oxytetracycline is given orally, there is no apparent effect after intravenous administration, which suggests an effect on gastrointestinal absorption (39). 

In other cases, the same disease states exert a different effect on drug pharmacokinetics depending on the drug and the animal species (41). Elimination of sulfadimethoxine or amoxycillin from pigeons was distinctly accelerated in case of Coccidia (42) or Salmonella infection (43). However, significant differences in the residue profile, compared to healthy chickens, were observed neither in that of sulfamethazine nor in that of its acetyl metabolite after oral administration to chickens infected with Coccidia (44). 

Welling PG, Tse FL. Factors contributing to variability in drug pharmacokinetics. I. Absorption Hosp Pharm, 1984 9 163-179. 

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