Infections, salmonella

Rodenburg T.B., Van derHulst-van Arkel, M.C. and KwakkelR.P. (2004). Campylobacter and Salmonella infections on organic broiler farms, Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 52, 101-108. 

Mahon, B.E., Ponka, A., Hall, W.N., Komatsu, K., Dietrich, S.E., Siitonen, A., Cage, G., Hayes, P.S., Lambert-Fair, M.-A., Bean, N.H., Griffin, P.M. and Slutsker, L. (1997) An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds . Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175, 876-882. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, salmonella infection, other tick-borne diseases, rickettsial infections, leukemia, lupus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 

The adherence mechanisms involved in Salmonella infection have been studied in great deal. Disease associated with S. enterica serovars is initiated by attachment to and invasion of hosf cells, followed by subse-quenf inflammation of the lamina propria and lymph nodes (Darwin and Miller, 1999). Several genetically defined fimbrial or piliar adhesins con-tribufe fo fhe initial attachment and the overall infection process of Salmonella. Some of fhese include t)q)e 1 fimbriae (Fim), plasmid-encoded (PE) fimbriae, long polar (LP) fimbriae, and thin aggregative fimbriae (curli). However, many ofher putative fimbrial operons have been identified within various S. enterica serovar genomes, but the expression of fhese proteins is currently undefined. 

Sugita-Konishi, Y., Sakanaka, S., Sasaki, K., Juneja, L., Noda, T., and Amano, F. (2002). Inhibition of bacterial adhesion and salmonella infection in BALE/c Mice by sialyloligo-saccharides and their derivatives from chicken egg yoUc. /. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3607-3613. 

Many domesticated animals Salmonella infection common cause of food poisoning, which is increasing due to poor hygiene ... 

NRDC used Salmonella Infections as the model to make their estimates of mortality and morbidity rates. They pointed out that these are conservative estimates (underestimates) because resistance also occurs In other pathogenic bacteria that cause human diseases. Some of the resistance In these other pathogens results from the pool of resistant bacteria In animals, which Is ultimately due In large part to subtherapeutlc use of penicillin and the tetracyclines In animal feeds. 

Mohle-Boetani, J. C., Farrar, J., Bradley, P., Barak, J.D, Miller, M., Mandrell, R., Mead, P., Keene, W. E., Cummings, K., Abbott, S., Werner, S. B., Barak, J. D., et al. (2008). Salmonella infections associated with mung bean sprouts Epidemiological and environmental investigations. Epidemiol. Infect. 137(3), 357-366. 

Chloramphenicol remains a major treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in developing countries. However, with increasing resistance to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and, to some extent, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones and some third-generation cephalosporins (e.g., ceftriaxone) have become the drugs of choice. Salmonella infections, such as osteomyelitis, meningitis and septicemia, have also been indications for chloramphenicol use. Nevertheless, antibiotic resistance patterns can be a problem. As noted previously, nonty-phoidal salmonella enteritis is not benefited by treatment with chloramphenicol or other antibiotics. 

Fey P.D., T.J. Safranek, M.E. Rupp, E.F. Duime, E. RiboL P.C. Iwen, P.A. Bradford, F.J. Angulo, and S.H. Hinrichs (2000). Ceftriaxone-resistant Salmonella infection acquired by a child from cattle. New England Journal of Medicine 342 1242-1249. 

A combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective treatment for a wide variety of infections including P jiroveci pneumonia, shigellosis, systemic salmonella infections, urinary tract infections, prostatitis, and some nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. It is active against most Staphylococcus aureus strains, both methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant, and against respiratory tract pathogens such as the pneumococcus, Haemophilus sp, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (but not Mycoplasma pneumoniae). However, the increasing prevalence of strains of E coli (up to 30% or more) and pneumococci that are resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole must be considered before using this combination for empirical therapy of upper urinary tract infections or pneumonia. 

Furazolidone has been used for treatment of Salmonella infections in most farm animals. It has been also used as a feed additive for growth-promoting purposes. For poultry it was given in the feed at a level of 0.04% for 10 days, and in large animals at an oral dosage of 10-12 mg/kg bw for 5-7 days. 

Numerous episodes have occurred in which humans have developed drug-resistant nontyphoid Salmonella infections that have been traced to animal sources (23). These bacteria can be transmitted to humans in food or through direct contact with animals. Antimicrobial resistance limits the tlierapeutic options available to veterinarians and physicians for the subset of clinical cases of nontyphoid Salmonella that require treatment. A recent example is a clone of Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 with chromosomally encoded resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, chloramphenicol and sulfonamides, which has become increasingly common in humans in England and Wales since 1990 (24). Since 1992, only Salmonella enteritidis has accounted for more cases of human salmonellosis than Salmonella typhimurium DT 104 (25, 26). Multiresistant DT 104 has currently emerged in several European countries (27-29) outbreaks have been also reported in the United States in both cattle (30) and humans (31). 

In other cases, the same disease states exert a different effect on drug pharmacokinetics depending on the drug and the animal species (41). Elimination of sulfadimethoxine or amoxycillin from pigeons was distinctly accelerated in case of Coccidia (42) or Salmonella infection (43). However, significant differences in the residue profile, compared to healthy chickens, were observed neither in that of sulfamethazine nor in that of its acetyl metabolite after oral administration to chickens infected with Coccidia (44). 

Reksen, O., Tverdal, A., and Ropstad, E. 1999. A comparative study of reproductive performance in organic and conventional dairy husbandry. Journal of Dairy Science 82 2605-2610. Rodenburg, T.B., Arkel, M.C.V. and Kwakkel, R.P. 2004. Campylobacter and Salmonella infections on organic broiler farms. NJ AS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 52 101-108. Roderick, S. and Hovi, M. 1999. Animal Health and Welfare in Organic Livestock Systems ... 

Bjerrum, L., Pedersen, A.K. and Engberg, R.M. (2005) The influence of whole wheat feeding on Salmonella infection and gut flora composition in broilers. Avian Diseases 49,9-15. 

Numi, E. and Rantala, M.W. (1973) New aspect of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Nature 241, 210-211. 

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