Gender relations

Recent experiments (4) have shown that there are no significant age or gender-related differences in thermal environment preference when all other factors such as weight of clothing and activity level are the same. Whereas people often accept thermal environments outside of their comfort range, there is no evidence that they adapt to these other conditions. Their environmental preference does not change. Similarly there is no evidence that there is any seasonal or circadian rhythm influence on a person s thermal preference. 

Chick J, Lehert P, Landron F, et al Does acamprosate improve reduction of drinking as well as aiding abstinence J Psychopharmacol 17 397-A02, 2003 Chrostek L, Jelski W, Szmitkowski M, et al Gender-related differences in hepatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzymes and aldehyde dehydrogenase in humans. J Clin Lab Anal 17 93-96, 2003... 

Evelyn B, Toigo T, Banks D, Pohl D, Gray K, Robins B, Ernat J. Women s Participation in Clinical Trials and Gender-Related Labeling A Review of New... 

Daily energy requirements are 20 to 25 kcal/kg for healthy adults, 25 to 30 kcal/kg for malnourished or metabolically stressed adults, and 30 to 40 kcal/kg for adults with major burns. Unfortunately, this simple approach fails to consider age- and gender-related differences in energy metabolism. 

With the exception of the first day of exposure, when the mean blood concentration was 549 fig/mL, 1 h daily exposures of beagles at 118,278 ppm resulted in mean blood concentrations between 125 and 254 figlmL (Alexander et al. 1995b). Absorption was rapid and reached a plateau during the 1-h exposure. Elimination was also rapid, and there was a half-life of 7 min until a blood concentration of approximately 5% of the maximum was reached. The remainder of the compound was eliminated more slowly. There were no gender-related differences in blood concentrations. 

Viramontes, B. E., Camilleii, M., McKinzie, S., Pardi, D. S., Burton, D., and Thomforde, G. M. (2001) Gender-related differences in slowing colonic transit by a 5-HT3 antagonist in subjects with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 96, 2671-2676. 

Tanaka E. Gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics and their clinical significance. J Clin Pharm Ther 1999 24(5) 339-46. 

Gender-related effects have been evaluated for trazodone, and clearance is lower for elderly men compared with elderly women [D. J. Greenblatt et al. 1987]. Differences exist in the metabolic rate of the SRI sertraline [Warrington 1991]. The effect of OCs on the pharmacokinetics of SRls or... 

Possible psychodynamic effects are inferred by studies comparing men to women in their response to psychopharmacological treatments. In an older study, the efficacy of TCAs was compared with that of MAOIs in depressed men and women. Women with panic attacks had a more favorable response to MAOIs, whereas men who were depressed and had panic preferentially responded to TCAs [Davidson and Pelton 1986]. In partial support of this is a reanalysis by Raskin (1974), who investigated gender-related effects in antidepressant treatment. In this reanalysis the response rate to IMI was lower in young women compared with older women and men. Thus, older data in smaller samples suggest that women have a slightly lower response to TCAs than men have. 

In this text, the focus of our discussion is on the last issue. To illustrate the problem, we consider the effect of gender on drug pharmacokinetics (see Chapter 3, Chapter 5, Chapter 7, Chapter 10, and Chapter 12) and then address two important gender-related questions the use of medications during pregnancy and the drug treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (see Chapter 14). 

Many differences in overall toxicity between males and females of various species are known (Table 9.1). Although it is not always known whether metabolism is the only or even the most important factor, such differences may be due to gender-related differences in metabolism. Hexobarbital is metabolized faster by male rats thus female rats have longer sleeping times. Parathion is activated to the cholinesterase inhibitor paraoxon more rapidly in female than in male rats, and thus is more toxic to females. Presumably many of the gender-related differences, as with the developmental differences, are related to quantitative or qualitative differences in the isozymes of the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that exist in multiple forms, but this aspect has not been investigated extensively. 

No gender-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of selegiline were observed following a single oral dose of selegiline 10 mg to 6 elderly males and 6 elderly females between 60 and 85 years old. 

Ou-Yang DS, Huang SL, Wang W, Xie HG, Xu ZH, Shu Y, Zhou HH. Phenotypic polymorphism and gender-related differences of CYP1A2 activity in a Chinese population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000 49 145 151. 

Wang, X., Desai, K., Juurlink, B.H., de Champlain, J., and Wu, L. 2006. Gender-related differences in advanced glycation endproducts, oxidative stress markers and nitric oxide synthases in rats. Kidney Int 69 281-287. 

Though University College, Dundee, attracted a high proportion of women students, gender relations were not always smooth, particularly in the 1920s as An Undergraduette commented ... 

Ramsey noted that the greater proportion came from the country and resided in lodgings. As to gender relations at Aberdeen, she proclaimed them to be far superior than elsewhere ... 

Gender-related variability in drug response has also been suggested to be clinically important. For example, in treatment of HIV infections, mycophenolate metabolism is higher in male than female kidney transplant recipients. 

Delfmo RJ, Anton-Culver H, Saltzstein SL. 1995. Gender-related differences in the distribution of throacic versus abdominal malignant mesothelioma. Cancer Detect Prev 19 301-307. 

If most dmgs had been developed in mixed gender populations, then the extent to which these issues contribute to gender-related variability in drug response would be clearer. However, women were systematically excluded from many clinical trials until relatively recently, and gender-related differences in drug response have only been sporadically reported. [Berg et al. NIH Publication No. 99-4386 1999. p. 151 (1)]... 

Datz FT, Christian PE, Moore J. Gender-related differences in gastric emptying. J Nucl Med 1987 28 1204-7. 

Sorgel F, Naber KG, Mahr G, Gottschalk B, Stephan U, Seelmann R et al. Gender related distribution of quinolones. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991 10(special) 189-190. 

Perron GM, Jusko WJ. Species- and gender-related differences in cyclosporine/prednisolone/sirolimus interactions in whole blood lymphocyte proliferation assays. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998 286 191-200. 

Mitchell AE, Morin D, Lakiitz J, Jones AD (1997) Quandtadve profiling of dssue- and gender-related expression of glutathione S-dansferase isoenzymes in the mouse. Biochem J 325 (Pt 1) 207-216. 

Moreover, major influences on the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver due to nutritional factors as well as through interactions with chemicals and alcohol have been reported. Distinct age and gender-related differences have also been noted, (s. tab. 3.18) The glucuro-... 

This clinical picture shows a recessive autosomal inheritance pattern. In approx. 40 cases published to date, there are no obvious signs of a gender-related preference. Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia of this syndrome derives from a disorder of the uptake, intracellular bonding (storage) and excretion of bilirubin. Other organic anions (bromosulphophthalein, indocyanine green) are also subject to delayed excretion. 

In fact, very similar subjective discomfort or clinical findings as well as virtually identical laboratory parameters are found. Genetic disposition is generally verifiable. There is gender-related frequency PBC and immune cholangitis are witnessed almost exclusively in women, PSC (almost) exclusively in men. (449,466)... 

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