Drug nanoparticles

G. Firanescu, D. Hermsdorf, R. Ueberschaer, and R. Signorell, Large molecular aggregates From atmospheric aerosols to drug nanoparticles. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 4149 4165 (2006). 

Liversidge G, Cimdy K, Bishop J, Czekai D, Sterling Drug, Inc. Surface modified drug nanoparticles. US Patent 5 145 684... 

Nagare, S., Sagawa, J., Senna, M. (2007). Investigation and control of the uniformity of drug nanoparticles directly deposited on the particulate surfaces of excipient by RLD. J. Phy Conference Series., 59, 88-91. 

Matteucci, M. E., Hotze, M. A., Johnston, K. P., and Williams, III. R. O. (2006), Drug nanoparticles by antisolvent precipitation Mixing energy versus surfactant stabilization, Langmuir, 22, 8951-8959. 

A nanoparticle is a microscopic particle with a diameter less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles were first developed around 1970, and initially they were devised as carriers for vaccines and anticancer drugs. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research because of a wide variety of potential applications in biomedical, optical, and electronic fields. To enhance tumor uptake, the strategy of drug targeting was employed, and as a first important step, research focused on the development of methods to reduce the uptake of the nanoparticles by the RES cells. Simultaneously, the use of nanoparticles for ophthalmic and oral delivery was investigated (17, 18). Recent advancement of nanoparticles and nanosuspensions was caused by their application for pulmonary drug delivery (19, 20). 

Other types of pharmaceutical nanoparticles that have been studied using SANS include gelatin coacer-vates and drug nanoparticles (Goodwin, D. Sepassi-Ashtiani, S. Holland, S. Martini, L. Leonard, G. Lawrence, M.J. Personal communication, 2005). ... 

Eerikainen, H. Watanabe, W. Kauppinen, E.I. Ahonen, P.P. Aerosol flow reactor method for synthesis of drug nanoparticles. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2003, 55 (3), 357-360. 

Date, A.A. Patravale, V.B. Current strategies for engineering drug nanoparticles. Curr. Op. Colloid Interf. Sci. 2004, 9 (3-4), 222-235. 

Tung, H.H., L. Wang, S. Panmai, and M.T. Riebe (2008). Effects of energy on the formation of drug nanoparticles under supersaturation. Presented at Particles 2008, Orlando, FL, May. 

Parenteral is defined as situated or occurring outside the intestine, and especially introduced otherwise than by way of the intestines —pertaining to essentially any administration route other than enteral. This field is obviously too broad for an adequate focus in one book, let alone one chapter. Many have nonetheless used the term synonymously with injectable drug delivery. We restrict ourselves to this latter usage. This would thus include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intrathecal, and subdural injection. In this chapter we discuss the theoretical and practical aspects of solubilizing small molecules for injectable formulation development and will examine the role of surfactants and other excipients in more recent parenteral delivery systems such as liposomes, solid-drug nanoparticles and particulate carriers. 

Mehnert implicates micelles, mixed micelles, liposomes, and drug-nanoparticles, depending on composition, as possible structures resulting from SLN preparation methods, apart from the main particulate carrier. He calls for control samples such as a liposome formulation prepared under identical conditions [40], Often, liposphere preparation procedures include a washing step with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to remove unencapsulated drug which possibly partly removes by-products as well. 

Coexistence of additional colloidal structures (micelles, liposomes, supercooled melts, drug nanoparticles) and timescale of distribution processes... 

In vivo studies proved the excellent performance of drug nanoparticles. For example, in humans the oral administration of the analgesic naproxene as drug nanoparticles led to an AUC (0-2 h) of 97.5 mg h 1 compared with just 44.7 mg h 1 for a commercial suspension and of 32.7 mg hP for the same drug as a tablet product. The corresponding tmax values were 1.96 h for the nanoparticles, 3.33 h and 3.20 h for the two commercial products. In a canine study, oral administration of the gonadotropin inhibitor danazol as a suspension of nanoparticles led to an absolute bioavailability of 82.3%, whereas with the conventional dispersion only 5.2% was achieved. 

In Chapter 1, Landfester and Weiss outline details of miniemulsion polymerization for the encapsulation of a range of materials such as dyes, pigments, fragrances, photo-initiators, drugs, nanoparticles and biomolecules (DNA) in polymeric nanoparticles. The preparation of nanoparticles with new properties is also presented. 

Kakran, M., Sahoo, N.G., Antipina, M.N., and Li, L. Modified supercritical antisolvent method with enhanced mass transfer to fabricate drug nanoparticles. Materials Science and Engineering C 33 (2013) 2864-2870. 

To summarize Storage of drug nanoparticles as an aqueous nanosuspen-sion is principally possible if the stabilizing surfactant mixture is optimal. Crystal growth does not take place if the particles are relatively uniform in size. 

Nanoparticles in general possess a high adhesiveness to surfaces. After oral administration of polymeric nanoparticles they were found slicking to the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract (21). The same is assumed for drug nanoparticles and... 

Topical formulations. Drug nanoparticles can be incorporated into creams and water-free ointments. The nanociystalline form leads to an increased saturation solubility of the drug in the topical dosage forms, thus enhancing the diffusion pressure into the skin. 

Some of the aspects have already been discussed in Section IX. The basic advantages of using drug nancqiarticles in an oral formulation can be stressed. These advantages were nicely summarized by Liversidge at the CRS workshop in Kyoto (6). Drug nanoparticles lead to ... 

Apart from oral drug delivery, the drug nanoparticles might have a large potential in pulmonary delivery but also in parenteral dosage forms, in particular, the fad that some nanosuspensions may behave like solutions regarding their pharmacokinetics (3) appears to be a very interesting feature. 

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