Pulmonary drugs

N. and Langer, R. (1997) Large porous particle for pulmonary drug delivery. Science, 276,... 

Hussain, A., Arnold, J.J., Khan, M.A., and Ahsan, F. 2004. Absorption enhancers in pulmonary drug delivery. Journal of Controlled Release 94(1), 15-24. 

Table 6.1 Factors That May Affect Pulmonary Drug Absorption and Disposition (Modified from Tronde [139]). ...

Elbert KJ, Schafer UF, Schafers HJ, Kim KJ, Lee VHL, Lehr C-M (1999) Mono-layers of human alveolar epithelial cells in primary cultures for pulmonary drug delivery and transport studies. Pharm Res 16 601-608. 

Foster KA, Avery ML, Yazdanian M, Audus KL (2000) Characterization of the Calu-3 cell line as a tool to screen pulmonary drug delivery. Exp Cell Res 243 359-366. 

Keywords Bronchial epithelium Pulmonary drug absorption Pulmonary metabolism Drug transport Permeability... 

Keywords Pneumocytes Pulmonary drug delivery Pulmonary metabolism, Alveolar epithelium... 

An ideal in vitro model for the characterization of aerosol formulations would incorporate cell types from various regions of the lung (tracheal, bronchial, and alveolar) and would facilitate simulation of deposition mechanisms by impaction, sedimentation, and diffusion of a high-metered singlebolus inhalation. In the future, such systems may reduce the need for animal studies and may offer to correlate in a predictive way the results from such in vitro tests to clinical bioavailability data after pulmonary drug delivery in vivo. 

Steimer A, Haltner E, Lehr CM (2005) Cell culture models of the respiratory tract relevant to pulmonary drug delivery. J Aerosol Med 18 137-182... 

P. Colombo, D. Cocconi, P. Santi, R. Bettini, G. Massimo, P. L. Catellani, C. Terzano, Biopharmaceutical Aspects of Nasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery , in Pharmacokinetic Optimization in Drug Research Biological, Physicochemical and Computational Strategies , Eds. B. Testa, H. van de Waterbeemd, G. Folkers, R. Guy, Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zurich, 2001, p. 173- 188. 

Z. Shao, A. J. Hoffman, A. K. Mitra, Biodegradation Characteristics of Acyclovir 2 -Esters by Respiratory Carboxylesterases Implications in Prodrug Design for Intranasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery , Int. J. Pharm. 1994, 112, 181 -190. 

The first commercially available DPI system appeared on the market in 1949, developed and marketed by Abbott under the name Aerohaler. Like all early pulmonary drug-delivery devices, it delivered small-molecule compoimds (bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids) to the airways (not necessarily the deep limg) for the treatment of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Table 6 lists some of the early DPI systems used for asthma and COPD the energy somces in these devices were mechanical and patient inspiration. 

Pulmonary Drug Delivery Delivery To and Through the Lung... 

Many studies have been carried out regarding the absorption of peptides and proteins after pulmonary drug dehvery. The perspectives of a non-parenteral route of administration for larger proteins led to studies on the pulmonary absorption of proteins of different size. To date, over 30 different proteins have been evaluated with regard to absorption rate and... 

Nebulizers and dry powder inhalers seem more appropriate systems to be used in the early stages of development of drug products for pulmonary drug delivery. However, it should not be concluded from this that the development of formulations for nebulizers or DPIs is easier and exhibits fewer theoretical and practical problems. 

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