The synonymous term

Fractionations are typically very small, on the order of parts per thousand or parts per ten thousand, so it is common to see expressions like 1000 ln(a) or 1000 (a-l) that magnify the difference between a and 1. a =1.001(1000 [a-l] = 1) is equivalent to a 1 per mil (%o) fractionation. Readers of the primary theoretical literature on stable isotope fractionations will frequently encounter results tabulated in terms of P-factors or equilibrium constants. For present purposes, we can think of Pjjh as simply a theoretical fractionation calculated between some substance JiR containing the elementX, and dissociated, non-interacting atoms ofX. In the present review the synonymous term Uxr-x is used. This type of fractionation factor is a convenient way to tabulate theoretical fractionations relative to a common exchange partner (dissociated, isolated atoms), and can easily be converted into fractionation factors for any exchange reaction ... 

The recent TUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology—The Gold Book recommends that the name of compounds having the structure R2N—O" R2N +—0 is more appropriately that of aminoxyl radicals . The synonymous terms nitroxyl radical or nitroxide are accordingly not desirable, even though quite popular in various fields of science and technology. This chapter follows a previous chapter of the series and, for this historical reason, retains the old terminology of the compounds in the title, but this use will be discontinued from now on in the text. 

Thus most of the time one obtains phase-separated systems in which the macromolecules of component A are not at all or only to a limited extent miscible with the macromolecules of component B, i.e., polymer A is incompatible or only partially compatible with polymer B. The synonymical terms polymer blend , polymer alloy , or polymer mixture denote miscible (homogeneous) as well as immiscible (heterogeneous) systems consisting of two or more different polymers. 

Willie Ramsay, Sir William s thirteen-year-old son, inquired, What are you going to call the new gas I should like to call it novum. His father liked the suggestion, but thought that the synonymous term, neon, would sound better, and it is by this name that the gas discovered in June, 1898, is now known (16). In the brilliant neon signs on every business street one may now see at night the blaze of crimson light that brought such deep satisfaction and contentment to Professor Ramsay and Dr. Travers. 

Introduce the synonymous terms false positive and type I error ... 

The synonymous term 1/1/addition is also used. For example ... 

As will be shown in Chapter 3, formation of a reaction model depends on knowing the rate at which reactants arrive at the electrode surface from the bulk of the electrolyte and the rate at which the products formed by reactions disappear back into the bulk of the electrolyte, i.e., mass transfer or the synonymous term mass transport. Since mass transfer is conditioned by the hydrodynamic behavior of the electrolyte, we begin by considering basic aspects of fluid dynamics for further study the reader is referred to a standard text on the subject. Our treatment of mass transfer is simplistic, but will nevertheless allow the reader to understand and use relevant mass transfer relationships. 

In Search Statement 2, the CAS Registry Number and a few of the synonymous terms from CHEMLINE are ORed (combined) as search parameters. This results in the retrieval of 257 records containing the desired chemical substance. Thus, the CHEMLINE information effectively Increases the TOXLINE retrieval by 97 records. Search Statement 3 is designed to select those citations published in 1977 in which both Leptophos and some variation of the term nerve (nerve, nerves, nervous, etc.) appear. 

A common misconception is that a stereospecific reaction is simply one that is 100% stereoselective The two terms are not synonymous however A stereospecific reac tion IS one which when carried out with stereoisomeric starting materials gives a prod uct from one reactant that is a stereoisomer of the product from the other A stereo selective reaction is one m which a single starting material gives a predominance of a... 

Direct-inlet probe. A shaft or tube having a sample holder at one end that is inserted into the vacuum system of a mass spectrometer through a vacuum lock to place the sample near to, at the entrance of, or within the ion source. The sample is vaporized by heat from the ion source, by heat applied from an external source, or by exposure to ion or atom bombardment. Direct-inlet probe, direct-introduction probe, and direct-insertion probe are synonymous terms. The use of DIP as an abbreviation for these terms is not recommended. 

Membrane separator. A separator that passes gas or vapor to the mass spectrometer through a semipermeable (e.g., silicon) membrane that selectively transmits organic compounds in preference to carrier gas. Membrane separator, membrane enricher, semipermeable membrane separator, and semipermeable membrane enricher are synonymous terms. 

Separator GC/MS interface. An interface in which the effluent from the gas chromatograph is enriched in the ratio of sample to carrier gas. Separator, molecular separator, and enricher are synonymous terms. A separator should generally be defined as an effusion separator, a jet separator, or a membrane separator. 

The initiators which are used in addition polymerizations are sometimes called catalysts, although strictly speaking this is a misnomer. A true catalyst is recoverable at the end of the reaction, chemically unchanged. Tliis is not true of the initiator molecules in addition polymerizations. Monomer and polymer are the initial and final states of the polymerization process, and these govern the thermodynamics of the reaction the nature and concentration of the intermediates in the process, on the other hand, determine the rate. This makes initiator and catalyst synonyms for the same material The former term stresses the effect of the reagent on the intermediate, and the latter its effect on the rate. The term catalyst is particularly common in the language of ionic polymerizations, but this terminology should not obscure the importance of the initiation step in the overall polymerization mechanism. 

The Vickers hardness test, developed in the United Kingdom, is more popular there than in the United States. VHN (Vickers hardness number) and DPH (diamond pyramid hardness) are synonymous terms. 

Informed opinion is a nonmathematical technique which is often called blue-sky estimating. The two terms are not necessarily synonymous. Informed opinion may be the consensus of people inside the company, along with or without outside opinions. Such a consensus can be broadened into the Delphi technique, which uses a sequential series of questioimaires submitted to a panel of experts who have Httie or no contact with each other. Blue-sky answers are akin to the informed opinion except that they usually consist of subjective speculation by experts in a confined one-day meeting in which each participant knows the views of the others. 

Examples of industrial chemical waste are given in Table 16.1. Common industrial sources of pollution are given in Table 16.2. Since waste can result in pollution, the two terms are often used synonymously. 

PRA - probabilistic risk assessment/probabilistic safety assessment, synonymous with PSA. The PRA Procedures Guide is NUREG/CR-23(X). PRA was the original term but became probabilistic safety assessment to avoid the negative implication of risk. ... 

Examples of industrial chemical waste are given in Table 13.1. Common industrial sources of pollution are given in Table 13.2. Since waste can result in pollution, the two terms are often used synonymously. Wastes can be in the form of solid, liquid or gas, or any combination, e.g. solid waste comprises liquid slurries, sludges, thixotropic solids and solids of varying particle sizes. Typical examples are given in Table 13.3. 

A comparison with equation (3.8) shows that if A is hermitian, then we have = A and A is said to be self-adjoint. The two terms, hermitian and self-adjoint, are synonymous. To find the adjoint of a non-hermitian operator, we apply equations (3.33). For example, we see from equation (3.10) that the adjoint of the operator d/dx is —d/dx. 

Hemoproteins which engage in electron transport — the cytochromes — are much more widely dispersed among living species and occur in microorganisms, plants and animals (13). Again there are two types of iron proteins which can perform the task of electron transport, the heme and the non-heme. The latter term has become practically synonymous... 

Strictly speaking, the terms molar mass and molecular weight refer to different quantities. Molar mass is the mass of one mole of polymer molecules and measured in g/mol, whereas molecular weight is dimensionless and refers to the weight (mass) of a single polymer molecule measured as multiples of the atomic mass unit u. The numerical values of both quantities are identical. Usually, no such strict distinction is made in the literature, and also in this contribution both terms will be used as synonyms for the strict term molar mass. 

In the previous sections composition variation has been attributed more or less to point defects and extensions of the point defect concept. In this section structures that can be considered to be built from slabs of one or more parent structures are described. They are frequently found in mineral specimens, and the piecemeal way in which early examples were discovered has led to a number of more or less synonymic terms for their description, including intergrowth phases, composite structures, polysynthetic twinned phases, polysomatic phases, and tropochemical cell-twinned phases. In general, they are all considered to be modular structures. 

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