Canine studies

Gualtieri et al., 1982 Oshika, 1995 Hansen et al., 1997). Quetiapine was reported to be associated with the development of cataracts in canine studies. For this reason, regular ophthalmic examinations are suggested for patients receiving this drug so that the possibility of cataract formation can be assessed (see Clinical Implications, below). At present, there have been no reports of a link between cataract development and quetiapine therapy in humans (Carver, 2000). 

As a general rule, ophthalmologic side effects do not appear to occur commonly in children treated with antipsychotics. Although a causal relationship between cataract formation and quetiapine treatment has not been demonstrated in adults, quetiapine administration has been noted in canine studies to lead to cataract formation. For this reason, extra ophthalmologic monitoring during chronic quetiapine treatment is recommended. 

Fontaine AB, BorsaJJ, Dos Passos S, et al. Evaluation of local abciximab delivery from the surface of a polymer-coated covered stent in vivo canine studies. J Vase Interv Radiol 2001 12(4) 487-492. 

Extravasation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the area of injury occurs very early after injury in several different models of experimental TBI, and has been shown to correlate with the development of cerebral edema (101,102). Early canine studies conducted by Rosomoff (16,57) demonstrated that treatment with hypothermia decreased the posttraumatic cellular inflammatory response incited by experimental head injury compared to normothermic controls. This effect of hypothermia is likely mediated by several mechanisms including preservation of the BBB, thereby limiting extravasation of inflammatory cells and mediators into the area of injury (103), suppressing release of cytokines (22), and reducing CBF. 

Prior to clinical evaluation, canine studies are usually carried out, for direct evaluation of gastroretentivity, for PK/pharmacodynamic proof-of-concept, or both. Despite some basic differences between the digestive tracts of humans and dogs, overall there are enough similarities to make the dog a useful screening tool. 

A canine study showed that cardiovascular excitatory effects were syn-ergistically increased by a combination of ethanol and nicotine relative to nicotine alone. Ethanol alone had minimal cardiovascular effects under the conditions of the study. ... 

Other MAbs with potential value for diagnosis of acute MI include antibodies specific for cardiac troponin-I and mitochondria (14). These antibodies have been shown to accumulate in the infarcted regions of the myocardium in experimental canine studies. 

In some reported canine studies, 1.96 is replaced by 2 (Fraser 2001,2004 Martinez-Subiela, Tecles, and Ceron 2003 Jensen and Aaes 1992). 

In vivo studies proved the excellent performance of drug nanoparticles. For example, in humans the oral administration of the analgesic naproxene as drug nanoparticles led to an AUC (0-2 h) of 97.5 mg h 1 compared with just 44.7 mg h 1 for a commercial suspension and of 32.7 mg hP for the same drug as a tablet product. The corresponding tmax values were 1.96 h for the nanoparticles, 3.33 h and 3.20 h for the two commercial products. In a canine study, oral administration of the gonadotropin inhibitor danazol as a suspension of nanoparticles led to an absolute bioavailability of 82.3%, whereas with the conventional dispersion only 5.2% was achieved. 

The only other published animal study w herein adverse reactions w ere observed is in a canine study. In this study, PL and stainless steel coupons were implanted within an ultra high molecular w eight polyethylene chamber in the right femora of eight dogs. While the intramedullary area around the PL coupons showed more... 

Endotracheal and endoesophageal electrodes have been used in cardiac studies (Ferris, 1966) both for recording and stimulation. The general form of the electrode is shown in Figure 1.2. For canine studies, an endotracheal electrode can be fabricated from a No. 36 (8.5-mm) endotracheal tube. The inflatable cuff on the distal end of the tube is coated internally and externally with flexible, conducting silver paint. The paint is also poured inside the tube over its entire length. A wire connection is made to the paint coating to form the electrical connection to the electrode. In use, the pressure cuff is inflated to assure positive contact between the external silver paint and the inner wall of the trachea. 

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