Dosage forms topical

One s grasp of topical dosage forms and their functioning can be nicely organized into several broad usage categories. For instance, many products exist to augment the skin barrier (Table 5). Sunscreens and... 

There are several unique topical dosage forms for animals. Four types of which the pharmacist should have a basic understanding or awareness are (a) pour-on/spot-on applications, (b) dust bags, (c) dips, and (d) flea and tick collars. These are used for treatment and prevention of internal and external parasites. 

Thin-film transport cell (membrane method) Drug transport from thin films of topical dosage forms 24... 

W Addicks, G Flynn, N Weiner, C Chiang. Drug transport from thin applications of topical dosage forms Development of methodology. Pharm Res 6 377, 1988. 

The pH is defined as the logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion concentration. The pH value of topical dosage forms is adjusted for various reasons including minimization of discomfort, maintenance of chemical stability, and improvement of therapeutic response. The values of hydronium ion concentration are very small and are therefore expressed in exponential notations as pH. 

The standard temperature for the dissolution medium is 37 0.5°C for oral dosage forms. Slightly increased temperatures such as 38 0.5°C have been recommended for dosages forms such as suppositories. Lower temperatures such as 32 0.5°C are utilized for topical dosage forms such as trans-dermal patches and topical ointments. 

P. R. Rege, V. D. Vilivalam, and C. C. Collins. Development in release testing of topical dosage forms Use of the Enhancer Cell(TM) with automated sampling. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 17 1225-1233 (1998). 

Machida, Y., and Nagai, T. Bioadhesive Preparations as Topical Dosage Forms. In Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems (E. Mathiowitz, D.E. Chickering, III, and C.-M. Lehr, eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1999, pp. 641-657. 

The in vitro release data were treated with various kinetic models to assess the diffusion coefficient, the partition coefficient and the permeability coefficient. Using this information, the formulations evaluation were screened from their suitability to deliver propanolol hydrochloride as a topical dosage form. 

Foldvari, M., B. Jarvis, and C.J.N. Ogueijofor. 1993. Topical dosage form of liposomal tetracaine Effect of additives on the in vitro release and in vivo efficacy. J Control Release 27 193. 

Topical dosage forms such as unpressurized sprays, lotions, ointments, solutions, and suspensions may be considered for marketing in glass bottles with appropriate dispenser. Some topical drug products, especially ophthalmic, are sterile or may be subject to microbial limits. In these cases, packaging material and handling should be done as those for injectables. 

Topical dosage forms such as creams, emulsions, gels, lotions, ointments, pastes, and powders may be marketed in plastic materials. Topical dosage formulations are for local (not systemic) effect and are generally applied to the skin or oral mucosal surfaces. Some vaginal and rectal creams and nasal, otic, and ophthalmic solutions may be considered for topical drug products. 

A number of topical products marketed as a pressurized aerosol may be dispensed in a metallic bottle with a screw cap. Topical dosage forms in aluminum tubes usually include a liner. A tube liner is frequently a lacquer or shellac whose composition should be stated. A metallic pressurized packaging system for a liquid-... 

In the treatment of elevated lOP, oral acetazolamide is often reserved for short-term lOP reduction only. The development of topical dosage forms of CAIs and the availability of safer ocular hypotensive agents provide a more attractive therapeutic alternative for long-term administration. Acetazolamide produces an additional decrease in lOP when added to drug regimens inclnding miotics, P-blockers, and prostaglandins. 

Machida, Y. Masuda, H. Fujiyama, N. Ito, S. Iwata, M. Nagai, T. Preparation and phase II clinical examination of topical dosage form for treatment of carcinoma coli containing bleomycin with hydroxypropyl cellulose. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1979, 27, 93-100. 

---