Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation

Hogyes E., Nyakas C., Kiliaan A., Farkas T., Penke B., and Luiten P. G. M. (2003). Neuroprotective effect of developmental docosahexaenoic acid supplement against excitotoxic brain damage in infant rats. Neuroscience 119 999-1012. 

Buckley, R., Shewring, B., Turner, R., Yaqoob, P., and Minihane, A. M. 2004. Circulating triacylglycerol and apoE levels in response to EPA and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation in adult human subjects. Brit. J. Nutri., 92,477—483. 

Agren, J.J., Vaisanen, S., Hanninen, O., Muller, A.D. and Homstra, G. (1997) Hemostatic factors and platelet aggregation after a fish-enriched diet or fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid supplementation. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids. 57 419 121. 

Terano, T., Fujishiro, S., Ban, T., Yamamoto, K., Tanaka, T., Noguchi, Y., Tamura, Y., Yazawa, K. and Hirayama, T. (1999) Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves the moderately severe dementia from thrombotic cerebrovascular diseases. Lipids. 34 S345-S346. 

Stordy BJ. Benefit of docosahexaenoic acid supplements to dark adaptation in dyslexics. Lancet 1995 346(8971) 385. 

Fish protein isolate Magnesium lactate Psyllium Vitamin Ki Yeast supplement, infant formulas Arachidonic acid Docosahexaenoic acid supplement, mineral Cobalt diacetate supplement, vitamin (+)-y-Tocopherol supporter, storage batteries 2-Chloronaphthalene suppressant, appetite Guar (Cyanopsis tetragonoloba) gum suppressant, smoke paints Zinc hydroxystannate suppressant, smoke plastics Zinc hydroxystannate Zinc stannate suppressant, smoke rubber Zinc hydroxystannate suppressant, sulfide Ferrous sulfate anhydrous suractant mfg. 

Smuts CM, Huang M, Mundy D, Plasse T, Major S, Carlson SE (2003) A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 101 469 79... 

Umegaki, K., Hashimoto, M., Yamasaki, H., Fujii, Y., Yoshimura, M., Sugisawa, A., and Shinozuka, K., Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation-increased oxidative damage in bone marrow DNA in aged rats and its relation to antioxidant vitamins. Free Radio. Res., 34, 427 35, 2001. 

Johnson, E. J., H. Y. Chung et al. (2008a). The influence of supplemental lutein and docosahexaenoic acid on serum, lipoproteins, and macular pigmentation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 87(5) 1521-1529. 

Johnson, E. J., K. A. McDonald et al. (2008b). Cognitive findings of an exploratory trial of docosahexaenoic acid and lutein supplementation in older women. Nutr. Neurosci. 11(2) 75-83. 

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids that are most abundant in fatty fish such as sardines, salmon, and mackerel. A diet high in EPA plus DHA or supplementation with these fish oils reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality, reinfarction, and stroke in patients who have experienced an MI. 

There is evidence that the level of an omega-3 fatty acid (docosahexaenoic acid) is low in the tissues of subjects who exhibit violent behaviour. Supplementation with this fatty acid has been shown to reduce aggression in a normal population of university students. 

There is some evidence that, in these patients, the interconversion between the polyunsaturated fatty acids is disturbed, which restricts the formation of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Such children are less likely to have been breastfed (breast milk contains these omega-3 fatty acids) they are more likely to suffer from allergies associated with essential fatty acid deficiency and also dry skin and hair and the membranes of the erythrocytes contain less omega-3 fatty acids compared with normal children. So far, the results of supplementation of the diet of these children with this disorder have not been conclusive. 

Another commercially available product containing naturally occurring marine products is Formulaid , produced by Martek Biosciences as a nutritional supplement for infant formulas. Formulaid contains two fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), extracted from a variety of marine microalgae. ARA and DHA are the most abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids found in breast milk, and they are the most important fatty acids used in the development of brain gray matter. They are especially desirable for use in infant formulas because they come from nonmeat sources and can be advertised as vegetarian additives to the product. 

Smit EN, Oelen EA, Seerat E, Boersma ER, Muskiet FAJ (2000) Fish oil supplementation improves docosahexaenoic acid status of malnourished infants. Arch Dis Child 82 366-369... 

There are few reports on the inhibitory effect of conjugated polyenes on the growth of cancer cell lines. Begin et al. (1988) reported the toxic effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on several kinds of tumor cells other polyunsaturated fatty acids, i.e., arachidonic acid (22 4n-6), a-linolenic acid (18 3n-3), and y-linolenic acid (18 3n-6) have cytotoxic action on several tumor cell lines at concentrations above 50 pM. Further, Tsuzuki et al. (2004) demonstrated that the anticarcinogenic effect of CLN are directly associated with lipid peroxidation. They transplanted human colon cancer cells (DLD-1) into nude mice, and CLA (9c, lit and lOt, 12c-18 2) and CLN (9c, lit, 13t-18 3) were administered to animals. Tumor growth was suppressed by the supplementation of CLA and CLN, and the extent of suppression was CLN >9c, llt-CLA.>10t, 12c-CLA, in that order. Furthermore, DNA fragmentation was enhanced and lipid peroxidation increased in tumor cells of the CLN-fed mouse. Thus this study indicates the possibility of seaweeds as potential sources of anticancer substances. 

Fish oils are a rich source of 00-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapen-taenoic acid (ERA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The supplementation of Western diets with fish oils containing ERA and DHA has been recommended (68, 69), and it can be beneficial for ischemic heart disease and thromboembolic events. 

Complete metabolic pathways may not be operational in certain animal species and in human fat metabolism disorders. Some animals require linoleic and arachi-donic acid supplementation, although both are members of the n-6 family. Some carnivorous fish require eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA 5,8,ll,14,17-20 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA 4,7,10,13,16,19-22 6n-3) rather than linolenic acid (9,12,15-18 3n-3) alone. 

Conquer JA, and Holub BJ. (1996). Supplementation with an algae source of docosahexaenoic acid increases (n-3) fatty acid status and alters selected risk factors for heart disease in v etarian subjects. J. Nutrition 126,3032-3039. 

Fish oil supplements (SEDA-13, 460) (SEDA-18, 3), rich in long-chain polyunsaturated ( -3 fatty acids (eicosa-pentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid), can reduce plasma concentrations of triglycerides and VLDL cholesterol, reduce platelet aggregation, prolong bleeding time, reduce blood pressure, increase the fluidity of the blood, and affect leukotriene production. Reported adverse effects include fullness and epigastric discomfort, diarrhea, and a fishy taste after belching. In addition to these mild symptoms, certain areas have been identified in which problems of a more serious nature could arise ... 

Khan et al. examined the effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid supplements (two of which contained OEP) on the microvascular blood flow and endothelial function in 173 healthy men and women aged 40 to 65 years in an 8-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. For the single OEP supplementation, the group received a total daily OEP of 5 g (which contained 400 mg/day of y-linolenic acid). For the tuna oil/OEP supplementation, the group received a total daily tuna oil of 5 g (which contained 6% of eicosapentaenoic acid and 27% of docosahexaenoic acid per day) and OEP of 5 g. Results showed that there although there were significant improvements... 

Hansen, J., Grimsgaard, S., Nordoy, A. and Bonaa, K.H. (2000) Dietary supplementation with highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid does not influence PAI-1 activity. Thromb. Res. 98 123-132. 

Vidgren, H.M., Agren, J.J., Schwab, U., Rissanen, T., Hanninen, O. and Uusitupa, M.I. (1997) Incorporation of n-3 fatty acids into plasma lipid fractions, and erythrocyte membranes and platelets during dietary supplementation with fish, fish oil, and docosahexaenoic acid-rich oil among healthy young men. Lipids. 32 697-705. 

Hawkes, J.S., Bryan, D.L., Makrides, M., Neumann, M.A., and Gibson, R.A. 2002. Arandomized trial of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid-rich tuna oil and its effects on the human milk cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75, 754-760. 

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