Endothelial function

Improve endothelial function leading to more effective vasoactive response of the coronary arteries. 

Release of markers bound to the endothelial cell such as thrombomodulin is indicative of vascular damage. Increased levels of soluble thrombomodulin in plasma are diagnostic (93). Other endothelium-derived markers such as 6-keto-prostaglandin F a, which is a metabolite of prostacyclin, are useful in the assessment of endothelial function, with lower levels indicative of inability to synthesize this marker due to defective or damaged endothelium through plaque formation (93). 

Barringer TA, Hatcher L and Sasser HC. 2008. Potential benefits on impairment of endothelial function after a high-fat meal of 4 weeks of flavonoid supplementation. eCAM 1-6. 

Engler MB, Engler MM, Chen CY, Malloy MJ, Browne A, Chiu EY, Kwak HK, Milbury P, Paul SM, Blumberg J and Mietus-Snyder ML. 2004. Flavonoid-rich dark chocolate improves endothelial function and increases plasma epicatechin concentrations in healthy adults. J Am Coll Nutr 23 197-204. 

Potenza MA, Marasciulo FL, Tarquinio M, Tiravanti E, Colantuono G, Federici A, Kim JA, Quon MJ and Montagnani M. 2007. EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, improves endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, reduces blood pressure, and protects against myocardial I/R injury in SHR. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 292(5) E1378-E1387. 

Stein JH, Keevil JG, Wiebe DA, Aeschlimann S and Folts JD. 1999. Purple grape juice improves endothelial function and reduces the susceptibility of LDL cholesterol to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 100 1050-1055. 

Wang-Polagruto JF, Villablanca AC, Polagruto JA, Lee L, Holt RR, Schrader HR, Ensunsa JL, Steinberg FM, Schmitz HH and Keen CL. 2006. Chronic consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa improves endothelial function and decreases vascular cell adhesion molecule in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 47 Suppl 2 S177-186 discussion S206-209. 

Ellis et al. [72] recently studied the effects of short- and long-term vitamin C therapy in the patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). It was found that oxygen radical production and TBAR product formation were higher in patients with CHF than in control subjects. Both short-term (intravenous) and long-term (oral) vitamin C therapy exhibited favorable effects on the parameters of oxidative stress in patients the treatments decreased oxygen radical formation and the level of lipid peroxidation and improved flow-mediated dilation in brachial artery. However, there was no correlation between changes in endothelial function and oxidative stress. 

Colacurci N, Manzella D, Fornaro F, Carbonella M, Paolisso G (2003) Endothelial function and menopause effects of raloxifene administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2135-2140... 

Sarrel PM, Nawaz H, Chan W, Fuchs M, Katz DL (2003) Raloxifene and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188 304-309... 

Stamatelopoulos KS, Lekakis JP, Poulakaki NA, Papamichael CM, Venetsanou K, Az-naouridis K, Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG, Kumar S, Stamatelopoulos SF (2004) Tamoxifen improves endothelial function and reduces carotid intima-media thickness in postmenopausal women. Am Heart J 147 1093-1099... 

Venkov C, Rankin A, Vaughan D (1996) Identification of authentic estrogen receptor in cultured endothelial cells a potential mechanism for steroid hormone regulation of endothelial function. Circulation 94 727-733... 

Pulmonary tumors," may impair some vascular endothelial functions and alter the interaction between platelet and endothelial mediators ... 

Rimbach, G., Weinberg, P.D., Pascual-Teresa, S., Alonso, M.G., Ewins, B.A., Turner, R., Minihane, A.M., Botting, N., Fairley, B., and Matsugo, S., Sulfation of genistein alters its antioxidant properties and its effect on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function, Biochim. Biophys. Acta — Gen. Subjects, 1670, 229, 2004. 

It is noteworthy that a cross-sectional study in 301 postmenopausal women (60 to 75 years of age) in the Netherlands, where isoflavone and lignan intakes were assessed with a food frequency questionnaire covering habitual diet during the year prior to the study, reported no associations between isoflavone intake and vascular function, including endothelial function, blood pressure, and hypertension, and this is in contrast to the observed protective effect of dietary lignan intake on blood pressure and hypertension. 

Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Celermajer DS. Phytoestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am. J. Cardiol. 85, 1297-1301, 2000. 

Kalantaridou SN et al Impaired endothelial function in young women with premature ovarian failure Normalization with hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 3907. [PMID 15292326]... 

Moat SJ, Lang D, McDowell IF, Clarke ZL, Madhavan AK, Lewis MJ, Goodfellow J (2004) Folate, homocysteine, endothelial function and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr Biochem 15 64-79... 

Recently, ingestion of purple juice for 14 days has been shown to improve endothelial function, as measured by flow-induced vasodilation, in patients with coronary artery disease [78]. The authors attributed this effect to the flavonoidic content of the purple juice. These benefits were observed despite use of antioxidant vitamins, lipid lowering medications and small increases in total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. 

Similarly to what identified in the rat, histamine H3 receptor activation does not contribute to prostacyclin production in coltured human endothelial cells (Bull et al., 1992). There are no findings explaining any possible involvement of these receptors in the control of endothelial functions in humans. 

Sanada M, Higashi Y, Nakagawa K, Tsuda M, Kodama I, Kimura M, Chayama K, Ohama K. A comparison of low-dose and standard-dose oral estrogen on forearm endothelial function in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 88 1303-9. 

Teede HJ, Liang YL, Kotsopoulos D, Zoungas S, Craven R, McGrath BP. Placebo-controlled trial of transdermal estrogen therapy alone in postmenopausal women effects on arterial compliance and endothelial function. Climacteric 2002 5(2) 160-9. 

The effects of raloxifene on the vascular endothelium have been studied in 19 subjects who underwent endothelial function testing at baseline and after treatment with placebo or raloxifene (60 mg/day for 6 weeks) (27). The findings in this small short-term study were entirely positive. Brachial artery diameter change (flow-mediated dilatation) increased 5.0% with placebo and 8.6% with raloxifene in response to a hyperemic stimulus. The ratio of AUC response to AUC reference with the use of laser Doppler measures was 1.18 for placebo and 1.28 for raloxifene. Flow-mediated dilatation and AUC ratio correlated significantly. The authors concluded that raloxifene enhanced endothelial-mediated dilatation in brachial arteries and digital vessels in these women, and they discussed the drug s possible cardioprotective effect. 

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